Government & politics — Peru

• history: several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993,
• enacted 31 December 1993 amendments: proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the Council of Ministers or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions; amended many times, last in 2021

• chief of state: President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 7 December 2022); first vice president (vacant); second vice president (vacant); note - the president is
• both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 7 December 2022); first vice president (vacant);
• second vice president (vacant) cabinet: Council o
• f Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms); election last held on 11 April 2021 with a runoff on 6
• June 2021 (next to be held in April 2026) election results: 2021: Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (PL) 18.9%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 13.4%, Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA Cazorla (RP) 11.8%, Hernando DE SOTO Polar (Social Integration Party) 11.6%, Yonhy LESCANO Ancieta (AP) 9.1%, Veronika MENDOZA Frisch (JP) 7.9%, Cesar ACUNA Peralta (APP) 6%, George FORSYTH Sommer (VN) 5.7%, Daniel Belizario URRESTI Elera (PP) 5.6%, other 10%; percent of vote second round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones 50.1%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9% 2016: Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (PPK) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (FA) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (AP) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%
• note 1: First Vice President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra assumed the office of the president on 7 December 2022 after President Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones was impeached and arrested; B
• OLUARTE is the first woman to become president of Peru note 2: Prime Minister Gustavo ADRIANZÉN (since 6 March 2024) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president; on 5 March 2024, Prime Minister Alberto OTÁROLA resigned amid allegations of corruption

Description

unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la República del Perú (130 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote to serve single 5-year terms)

Elections

last held on 11 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026)

Election Results

• percent of vote by party/coalition - NA
• seats by party/coalition - Free Peru 32, Popular Force 24, AP 15, APP 15, AvP 10, RP 9, Democratic Peru 7, We Are Peru 5, PP 5, JP 5, Purple Party 3
• composition as of February 2024- men 80, women 50, percentage women 40%

Note

seats by party/coalition as of January 2024 - Popular Force 23, Free Peru 16, AP 14, APP 11, AvP 9, Democratic Peru 9, RP 9, SP 6, PP 6, PB 5; BMCN 9, independent 25

• highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and cons
• titutional-social sectors) judge selection and term of office: justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can
• serve until mandatory retirement at age 70 subordinate courts: Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside

• Advance the Nation (Avanza País) or AvP [Aldo BORRERO Zeta]
• Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP [Cesar ACUNA Peralta]
• Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or FA [Marco ARANA]
• Free Peru (Perú Libre) or PL [Vladimir CERRON Rojas]
• Front for Hope (Frente Esperanza) [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]
• Magisterial Block of National Concentration (Bloque Magisterial de Concertación Nacional) or BMCN [Álex PAREDES]
• National Victory (Victoria Nacional) or VN [George FORSYTH Sommer]
• Peru Bicentennial (Perú Bicentenario) or PB [Jorge MARTICORENA]
• Popular Action (Acción Popular) or AP [Mesias GUEVARA Amasifuen]
• Popular Force (Fuerza Popular) or FP [Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi]
• Popular Renewal (Renovación Popular) or RP [Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA]
• Purple Party (Partido Morado) [Luis DURAN Rojo]
• Social Integration Party (Avanza País - Partido de Integración Social) [Aldo BORRERO]
• Together For Perú (Juntos por el Peru) or JP [Robert SANCHEZ Palomino]
• We Are Peru (Somos Perú) of SP [Patricia LI]
• We Can Peru (Podemos Perú) or PP [Jose Leon LUNA Galvez]

• yes Residency requirement for naturalization: 2 years

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires John T. McNAMARA (since 8 September 2023) embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33 mailing address: 3230 Lima Place, Washington DC 20521-3230

telephone

[51] (1) 618-2000

FAX

[51] (1) 618-2724

Email address and website

• LimaACS@state.gov
• https://pe.usembassy.gov/

chief of mission

Ambassador Alfredo Santiago Carlos FERRERO DIEZ CANSECO (since 27 February 2024)

chancery

1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone

[1] (202) 833-9860

FAX

[1] (202) 659-8124

Email address and website

• Webadmin@embassyofperu.us

consulate(s) general

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco, Washington DC