Government & politics — Egypt

• 28 February 1922 (from UK protectorate status
• the military-led revolution that began on 23 July 1952 led to a republic being declared on 18 June 1953 and all British troops withdrawn on 18 June 1956)
• note - it was ca. 3200 B.C. that the Two Lands of Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt were first united politically

• history: several previous; latest approved by a constitutional committee in December 2013, approved by referendum held on 14-15 January 2014,
• ratified by interim president on 19 January 2014 amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by one fifth of the House of Representatives members; a decision to accept the proposal requires majority vote by House members; passage of amendment requires a two-thirds majority vote by House members and passage by majority vote in a referendum; articles of reelection of the president and principles of freedom are not amendable unless the amendment "brings more guarantees;" amended 2019

• chief of state: Presid
• Prime Minister Mostafa MADBOULY (since 7 June 2018) cabinet: Cabinet ministers nominated by the executive branch and ap
• proved by the House of Representatives elections/appointments: president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for 3 consecutive terms); election last held on 26 to 28 March 2018 (next to be held 10 to 12 December 2023); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of Representatives; note - following a constitutional amendment approved by referendum in April 2019, the presidential term was extended from 4 to 6 years and
• eligibility extended to 3 consecutive terms election results: Abdelfattah ELSISI reelected president in first round; percent of valid votes cast - Abdelfattah ELSISI (independent) 97.1%, Moussa Mostafa MOUSSA (El Ghad Party) 2.9%; note - more than 7% of ballots cast were deemed invalid

Description

bicameral Parliament consists of: Senate (Majlis Al-Shiyoukh) (300 seats; 100 members directly elected in single seat constituencies, 100 directly elected by closed party-list vote, and 100 appointed by the president;

Note

• the upper house, previously the Shura Council, was eliminated in the 2014 constitution, reestablished as the Senate, following passage in a 2019 constitutional referendum and approved by the House of Representatives in June 2020 House of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nowaab) (596 seats; 448 members directly elected by individual candidacy system, 120 members - with quotas for women, youth, Christians and workers - elected in party-list constituencies by simple majority popular vote, and 28 members appointed by the president
• members of both houses serve 5-year terms

Elections

• Senate - first round held on 11-12 August 2020 (9-10 August for diaspora)
• second round held on 8-9 September (6-7 September for diaspora) (next to be held in 2025) House of Representatives - last held 24-25 October and 7-8 November 2020) (next to be held in 2025)

Election Results

• - Senate - percent of vote by party - NA
• seats by party - Nation's Future Party 100, independent 100;

Composition

• men 260, women 40, percent of women 13.3% House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA
• seats by party - Nation's Future Party 316, Republican People's Party 50, New Wafd Party 26, Homeland Defenders Party 23, Modern Egypt Party 11, Reform and Development Party 9, Al-Nour Party 7, Egyptian Conference Party 7, Egyptian Freedom Party 7, Egyptian Social Democratic Party 7, Tagammu 6, Justice Party 2, Etradet Geel Party 1, independent 124;

Composition

men 428, women 164, percent of women 27.5%;

Note

total Parliament percent of women 22.8%

• highest court(s): Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) (consists of the court president and 10 justices); the SCC serves as the final court of arbitration on the constitutionality of laws and conflicts between lower courts regarding jurisdiction and rulings; Court of Cassation (CC) (consists of the court president and 550 judges organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the CC is the highest appeals body for civil and criminal cases, also known as "ordinary justices"; Supreme Administrative Court (SAC) (consists of the court president and NA judges and organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the SAC is the highest
• court of the State Council judge selection and term of office: under the 2014 constitution, all judges and justices selected and appointed by the Supreme Judiciary Council and approved as a formality by the president of the Republic; judges appointed for life; under the 2019 amendments, the president has the power to appoint heads of judiciary authorities and courts, the prosecutor general, and th
• e head of the Supreme Constitutional Court subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; courts of limited jurisdiction; Family Court (established in 2004)

• Al-Nour [Yunis MAKHYUN]
• Arab Democratic Nasserist Party [El Etehad el Masri el ARABI]
• Congress Party [Omar Al-Mokhtar SEMIDA]
• Conservative Party [El Mohafezin]
• Democratic Peace Party [Ahmed FADALY]
• Egyptian National Movement Party [Gen. Raouf EL SAYED]
• Egyptian Social Democratic Party [Farid ZAHRAN]
• El Ghad Party [Moussa Mostafa MOUSSA]
• El Serh El Masry el Hor [Tarek Ahmed Abbas NADIM]
• Eradet Geel Party [Tayseer MATAR]
• Free Egyptians Party [Essam KHALIL]
• Freedom Party [Mamdouuh HASSAN]
• Justice Party Homeland’s Protector Party [Lt. Gen. (retired)
• Galal AL-HARIDI]
• Modern Egypt Party [Nabil DEIBIS]
• My Homeland Egypt Party [Gen. Seif El Islam ABDEL BARY ]
• Nation's Future Party (Mostaqbal Watan) [Abdel Wahab Abdel RAZEQ]
• National Progressive Unionist (Tagammu)
• Party [Sayed Abdel AAL]
• Reform and Development Party [Mohamad Anwar al-SADAT]
• Republican People’s Party [Hazim AMR]
• Revolutionary Guards Party [Magdy EL-SHARIF]
• Wafd Party [Abdel Sanad YAMAMA]

• if the father was born in Egypt dual citizenship recognized: only with prior permission
• from the government residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

chief of mission

Ambassador Herro MUSTAFA GARG (since November 2023) embassy: 5 Tawfik Diab St., Garden City, Cairo mailing address: 7700 Cairo Place, Washington DC 20512-7700

telephone

[20-2] 2797-3300

FAX

[20-2] 2797-3200

Email address and website

• ConsularCairoACS@state.gov
• https://eg.usembassy.gov/

chief of mission

Ambassador Motaz Mounir ZAHRAN (since 17 September 2020)

chancery

3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone

[1] (202) 895-5400; [1] (202) 895-5408

FAX

[1] (202) 244-5131; [1] (202) 244-4319

Email address and website

• consulate@egyptembassy.net
• https://www.egyptembassy.net/

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York