Moving to Saudi Arabia: visas, cost of living & immigrant guide

34,173,498

note: immigrants make up more than 30% of the total population, according to UN data

1.51%

82.300000

• RIYADH (capital) 5.451 million
• Jeddah 3.578 million
• Mecca 1.591 million
• Medina 1.142 million
• Ad Dammam 941,000

26.560000

26.000000

19

3.32

2.21

23.8%

23.8%

1.050000

-0.62

Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Saudi(s)

78.8%

84.7%

70.8%

age 15 and over can read and write

5.1%

16.000000

74.580000

15.080000

15.080000

24

.94

2.2

3.7%

33%

97.000000

100.000000

5.3%

Saudi Arabia has an oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities.

It possesses about 16% of the world's proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC.

The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 87% of budget revenues, 42% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings.

Saudi Arabia is encouraging the growth of the private sector in order to diversify its economy and to employ more Saudi nationals.

Approximately 6 million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, particularly in the oil and service sectors; at the same time, however, Riyadh is struggling to reduce unemployment among its own nationals.

Saudi officials are particularly focused on employing its large youth population.

In 2017, the Kingdom incurred a budget deficit estimated at 8.3% of GDP, which was financed by bond sales and drawing down reserves.

Although the Kingdom can finance high deficits for several years by drawing down its considerable foreign assets or by borrowing, it has cut capital spending and reduced subsidies on electricity, water, and petroleum products and recently introduced a value-added tax of 5%.

In January 2016, Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN announced that Saudi Arabia intends to list shares of its state-owned petroleum company, ARAMCO - another move to increase revenue and outside investment.

The government has also looked at privatization and diversification of the economy more closely in the wake of a diminished oil market.

Historically, Saudi Arabia has focused diversification efforts on power generation, telecommunications, natural gas exploration, and petrochemical sectors.

More recently, the government has approached investors about expanding the role of the private sector in the health care, education and tourism industries.

While Saudi Arabia has emphasized their goals of diversification for some time, current low oil prices may force the government to make more drastic changes ahead of their long-run timeline.

crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, construction, fertilizer, plastics

$54,600.00 (USD)

3.4%

$1,543,240,000,000 (USD)

$54,600.00 (USD)

3.4%

$665,500,000,000 (USD)

• consumption: 38.3% government
• consumption: 31% investment in fixed
• capital: 29.3% investment in
• inventories: 4% exports of goods and
• services: 35% imports of goods and
• services: -37.6%

2.3%

46.9%

50.8%

3.1%

5.7%

Saudi riyal (SAR)

Saudi Riyal (SAR)

1 March - 28 February

6.7%

7,337,000

10.8%

data are for Saudi males only (local bank estimates; some estimates range as high as 25%)

crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, construction, fertilizer, plastics

wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens, eggs, milk

6.7%

21.4%

71.9%

$185,100,000,000 (USD)

41%

6.2%

42.1%

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia

Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah

Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah

named after the ruling dynasty of the country, the House of Saud; the name "Arabia" can be traced back many centuries B.C., the ancient Egyptians referred to the region as "Ar Rabi"

23 September 1932 (unification of the kingdom)

Saudi National Day (Unification of the Kingdom), 23 September (1932)

absolute monarchy

• history: 1 March 1992 - Basic Law of Government, issued by royal decree, serves as the constitutional framework and is based on the Qur'an and the life and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad
• amendments: proposed by the king directly or proposed to the king by the Consultative Assembly or by the Council of Ministers; passage by the king through royal decree; Basic Law amended many times, last in 2017

• Islamic (sharia) legal system with some elements of Egyptian, French, and customary law
• note - several secular codes have been introduced
• commercial disputes handled by special committees

• chief of state: King SALMAN bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 23 January 2015); Crown Prince MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (born 31 August 1985)
• head of government: Crown Prince and Prime Minister MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 27 September 2022)
• cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch every 4 years and includes many royal family members
• elections/appointments: none; the monarchy is hereditary; an Allegiance Council created by royal decree in October 2006 established a committee of Saudi princes for a voice in selecting future Saudi kings

• Description: unicameral Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura (150 seats plus a speaker; members appointed by the monarch to serve 4-year terms);
• Note: in early 2013, the monarch granted women 30 seats on the Council
• Note: composition as of 2021 - men 121, women 30, percent of women 19.9%

• office: High Court chief and chiefs of the High Court Circuits appointed by royal decree upon the recommendation of the Supreme Judiciary Council, a 10-member body of high-level judges and other judicial heads; new judges and assistant judges serve 1- and 2-year probations, respectively, before permanent assignment
• subordinate courts: Court of Appeals; Specialized Criminal Court, first-degree courts composed of general, criminal, personal status, and commercial courts; Labor Court; a hierarchy of administrative courts

13 regions (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah (Northern Border), Al Jawf, Al Madinah al Munawwarah (Medina), Al Qasim, Ar Riyad (Riyadh), Ash Sharqiyah (Eastern), 'Asir, Ha'il, Jazan, Makkah al Mukarramah (Mecca), Najran, Tabuk

• none

18 years of age; universal for municipal elections https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/saudi-women-go-to-the-polls-finally

• birth: no citizenship by descent
• only: the father must be a citizen of Saudi Arabia; a child born out of wedlock in Saudi Arabia to a Saudi mother and unknown father dual citizenship
• recognized: no residency requirement for
• naturalization: 5 years

Riyadh

24 39 N, 46 42 E

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

• ABEDA
• AfDB (nonregional member)
• AFESD
• AMF
• BIS
• BRICS
• CAEU
• CP
• FAO
• G-20
• G-77
• GCC
• IAEA
• IBRD
• ICAO
• ICC (national committees)
• ICRM
• IDA
• IDB
• IFAD
• IFC
• IFRCS
• IHO
• ILO
• IMF
• IMO
• IMSO
• Interpol
• IOC
• IOM (observer)
• IPU
• ISO
• ITSO
• ITU
• LAS
• MIGA
• NAM
• OAPEC
• OAS (observer)
• OIC
• OPCW
• OPEC
• PCA
• UN
• UNCTAD
• UNESCO
• UNIDO
• UNOOSA
• UNRWA
• UNWTO
• UPU
• WCO
• WFTU (NGOs)
• WHO
• WIPO
• WMO
• WTO

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

• Chief of Mission: Ambassador Michael RATNEY (since 27 April 2023)
• Embassy: Riyadh 11564
• Mailing Address: 6300 Riyadh Place, Washington DC 20521-6300
• Telephone: [966] (11) 835-4000
• FAX: [966] (11) 488-7360
• Email: RiyadhACS@state.gov
• Website: https://sa.usembassy.gov/
• Consulate(s) General: Dhahran, Jeddah

• Chief of Mission: Ambassador Reema Bint Bandar Bin Sultan AL SAUD (since 8 July 2019)
• Chancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
• Telephone: [1] (202) 342-3800
• FAX: [1] (202) 295-3625
• Email: info@saudiembassy.net
• Website: https://www.saudiembassy.net/
• Consulate(s) General: Houston, Los Angeles, New York

Middle East

25 00 N, 45 00 E

829,995 Square Miles 2,149,690 Square Kilometers

829,995 Square Miles 2,149,690 Square Kilometers

2,753 Miles 4,431 Kilometers

Iraq 814 km, Jordan 744 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km

1,640 Miles 2,640 Kilometers

mostly uninhabited, sandy desert

3,133 Meters

Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m

Persian Gulf 0 m

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper

6,255 Square Miles 16,200 Square Kilometers

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Riyadh’s climate has a greater difference between winter and summer temperatures than elsewhere in the Kingdom.

Riyadh has practically no humidity, making summers especially dry and dusty.

Annual rainfall averages 2 to 4 inches, usually concentrated in a few torrential rainfalls in early spring.

Winters produce moderate daytime temperatures from November through February.

Evenings are sometimes cool enough to require residential heating.

Jeddah, the commercial center, has a tropical climate — mild in winter and hot and very humid in summer.

Summer lasts 8 to 10 months, with temperatures moderating in November.

Relief from the heat often comes at sunset when sea breezes arrive.

Except on the few occasions when it rains, the sun shines daily.

Winter is comparable to the spring and summer seasons of resorts on the Mediterranean Sea.

Dhahran’s climate, like that of Jeddah, is very humid, 60% – 90%, with summer lasting from April through October.

The average maximum shade temperature in July and August is 110 °F, with "in sun" temperatures up to 150 °F.

From December to April, it is cooler and pleasant, with indoor heating required at times, especially in the areas north of Dhahran.

Rainfall in both Jeddah and Dhahran is sparse, about 3 – 4 inches a year concentrated in a few heavy showers during fall and spring.

mostly uninhabited, sandy desert

Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen

829,995 Square Miles 2,149,690 Square Kilometers

Iraq 814 km, Jordan 744 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km

• desertification
• depletion of underground water resources
• the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination facilities
• coastal pollution from oil spills

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

$235,300,000,000 (USD)

$99,170,000,000 (USD)

petroleum and petroleum products 90%

machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles, textiles

US 18.9%, Japan 15.9%, South Korea 10.3%, Singapore 5.2%, China 4.7%

US 11.1%, Japan 8.7%, Germany 7.5%, UK 4.9%, France 4.8%, Italy 4%

US 18.9%, Japan 15.9%, South Korea 10.3%, Singapore 5.2%, China 4.7%

US 11.1%, Japan 8.7%, Germany 7.5%, UK 4.9%, France 4.8%, Italy 4%

Saudi Arabia is a monarchy ruled by a king chosen from and by members of the Al Saud family.

The king rules through royal decrees issued in conjunction with the Council of Ministers, and with advice from the Consultative Council.

The king appoints members of both councils.

Saudi interpretation of Islamic law is the basis of the authority of the monarchy and provides the foundation of the country's conservative customs and social practices.

Saudi Arabia has a modern and well-developed infrastructure, and facilities for travelers are widely available.

Significant enhancements in the capacity and capability of Saudi security and intelligence forces have greatly improved the security environment, but the Department of State urges U.S. citizens to consider carefully the risks of traveling to Saudi Arabia.

While there has been a continued improvement in the security climate in Saudi Arabia since the last major terrorist attack against foreign nationals in 2007, it is important to note -- as evidenced by the arrest of two terrorist cells by Saudi security authorities in August 2012 -- that security threats remain due to the continued presence of terrorist groups, some of which are affiliated with al-Qaeda, that may target Western interests, housing compounds, hotels, shopping areas, and other facilities where Westerners congregate.

These terrorist groups may employ a wide variety of tactics and also may target Saudi government facilities and economic/commercial targets within the Kingdom.

Terrorists often do not distinguish between U.S.

Government personnel and private U.S. citizens.

Saudi Arabia shares a border with its southernmost neighbor Yemen.

In January 2009, Yemen became the official headquarters for al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), a joint organization of Saudi and Yemeni al-Qaeda members that seek to attack government and Western interests on the Arabian Peninsula and abroad.

The rugged border area dividing Yemen and Saudi Arabia is not clearly defined; visitors should stay away from this area to avoid falling victim to terrorist and criminal elements operating there.

If you choose to visit or live in Saudi Arabia, you are strongly urged to avoid staying in hotels or housing compounds that do not appear to apply stringent security measures.

However, please note that the U.S.

Embassy cannot intervene to help resolve personal housing problems.

This is a personal and individual decision for the traveler and/or sponsor.

You should always remain aware of your surroundings when visiting commercial establishments frequented by Westerners.

While crime is comparatively low, there are still risks to Westerners visiting the Kingdom.

To the extent possible, maintain a low profile, vary times and routes of travel, and exercise caution while driving; incidents of road rage have occurred.

Ensure that your travel documents and visas are current, valid, and secured in a safe place.

Carry a photocopy of your travel documents in lieu of the originals.

On occasion, the U.S.

Embassy and Consulates in Saudi Arabia may restrict travel of U.S. officials or suspend public services for security reasons.

Whenever threat information is specific, credible, and non-counterable, the U.S.

Government will make it available to the U.S. public.

In those instances, the Embassy and Consulates will keep the local U.S. citizen community apprised through the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) and make every effort to provide emergency services to U.S. citizens.

Messages to U.S. citizens in Saudi Arabia are available at the U.S.

Embassy Riyadh website.

The United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) has advised that regional tensions create risks of maritime attacks on vessels operating in the Gulf of Oman, North Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and the Bab el Mandeb regions.

MARAD recommends that vessels at anchor, operating in restricted maneuvering environments, or at slow speeds remain especially vigilant, and report suspicious activity.

U.S.-flagged vessels that observe suspicious activity in the area are advised to report it, as well as any hostile action to the U.S.

Fifth Fleet’s “battle watch captain” at 011-973-1785-3879.

All suspicious activities and events are also to be reported to the U.S.

Coast Guard National Response Center at: 800-424-8802, or 202-267-2675, or TDD 202-267-4477.

Crime in Saudi Arabia has increased over recent years, but remains at levels far below most major metropolitan areas in the United States.

Visitors should take precautions to reduce their risk of becoming victims of crime.

Individuals should be aware of their surroundings, keep valuables out of sight and secure, and travel with a companion, if possible.

Private Saudi citizens who perceive that a foreigner is not observing conservative standards of conduct have been known to harass, pursue, or assault that person.

The U.S.

Embassy in Riyadh cautions U.S. citizens that Saudi Arabian police have detained potential witnesses to crimes without charges or access to legal counsel, and with limited or delayed consular access, during the investigative stage of criminal cases, which can take months.

On occasion, Saudi authorities have temporarily confiscated the personal effects of detained potential witnesses.

Even when released from detention, witnesses to criminal incidents may be prohibited from leaving the country until investigation of the incident is complete.

During 2011-12, the U.S.

Embassy in Riyadh received several reports of carjacking incidents in Riyadh and throughout the Kingdom.

These incidents involved multiple criminals who, in some instances, used force or a display of force.

In other incidents, the criminals created a diversion such as a minor traffic accident or some other ruse to coax the driver out of the car.

In the few cases involving Westerners, it appears that they were targeted because of the make of their cars rather than the fact that they were Westerners.

As in the United States, most vehicles are stolen for parts.

If you are a victim of such an attack, please see the Victims of Crimesection below for guidance on reporting the incident to the authorities.

Do not buy counterfeit and pirated goods, even if they are widely available.

Not only are these goods illegal in the United States, they are a violation of local law as well.

While in Saudi Arabia, you are subject to its laws and regulations, which sometimes differ significantly from those in the United States and may not afford the protections available to the individual under U.S. law.

Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offenses.

To visit incarcerated individuals, the Saudi Government requires diplomatic missions to request visits -- including to police stations -- via formal diplomatic channels, which often causes delays.

Persons violating Saudi Arabian laws, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested, imprisoned, or even executed.

Suspects may be detained without charges or legal counsel, and with limited access to a consular officer, for months during the investigative stage of criminal cases.

Penalties for the import, manufacture, possession, and consumption of alcohol or illegal drugs in Saudi Arabia are severe.

Convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences, heavy fines, public floggings, and/or deportation.

The penalty for drug trafficking in Saudi Arabia is death, and Saudi officials make no exceptions.

Customs inspections at ports of entry are thorough.

The U.S.

Medical care varies greatly in quality, and high profile cases of medical malpractice and errors have occurred.

Consult your regular physician if you are considering serious medical treatment in Saudi Arabia.

While Red Sea scuba diving is a popular past-time for many visitors, you should only dive with an experienced boat and crew.

Some boats are not equipped with radio communications in the event of an emergency.

There are only two recompression chambers for treatment of decompression sickness – one at Jubail Armed Forces Hospital and another in Jeddah – both hours away from Red Sea and Gulf diving sites.

While in Saudi Arabia, you will encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States.

The information below concerning Saudi Arabia is provided for general reference only, and may not necessarily apply to all locations and circumstances.

Saudi Arabia recently activated an automatic traffic control and management system called “Saher” to improve traffic safety in major cities.

The system is a network of digital cameras linked to the National Information Center of the Ministry of Interior to monitor traffic accidents and violations.

Residents should update their personal details through one of the methods available here to receive SMS notifications once a traffic ticket is issued.

Delay in payment of any ticket might result in doubling of the ticket amount.Travelers will need to pay any fines issued through this system before leaving the country; this may be possible at the airport but only during regular Saudi office hours.

Temporary male visitors may drive on their U.S. driver's license.

Foreign men employed in Saudi Arabia must obtain a local driver's license from the Department of Traffic Police.

Women are not allowed to drive or ride bicycles on public roads.

Article no. 42/3 of the Saudi Traffic Law states that a valid foreign or international driver’s license can be used for either a year or until the expiration date, whichever is closer.

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2009 Global Status Report on Road Safety, Saudi Arabia has one of the world’s highest traffic accident rates.

Driving habits are generally poor, and accidents involving vehicles driven by minors are not uncommon.

The main causes for accidents are speeding, unauthorized passing, and running red lights.

In the event of a traffic accident resulting in personal injury, everyone involved (if not seriously injured) may be taken to the local police station.

Drivers are likely to be held for several days until responsibility is determined and any reparations paid.

In many cases, all drivers involved in an accident are held in custody regardless of fault.

U.S. citizens involved in a serious accident resulting in injury or death should immediately contact their sponsors and the U.S.

214

82

10

856 Miles 1,378 Kilometers

137,554 Miles 221,372 Kilometers

29,533 Miles 47,529 Kilometers

Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Duba, Jiddah, Jizan, Rabigh, Ra's al Khafji, Mishab, Ras Tanura, Yanbu' al Bahr, Madinat Yanbu' al Sinaiyah

130 Miles 209 Kilometers

1,827 Miles 2,940 Kilometers

735 Miles 1,183 Kilometers

3,180 Miles 5,117 Kilometers

715 Miles 1,151 Kilometers

4,171,000

28,381,000

6,200,000

.sa

488,598

• broadcast media are state-controlled
• state-run TV operates 4 networks
• Saudi Arabia is a major market for pan-Arab satellite TV broadcasters
• state-run radio operates several networks
• multiple international broadcasters are available

• assessment: modern system including a combination of extensive microwave radio relays, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables
• domestic: mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly
• international: country code - 966; landing point for the international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) and for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks providing connectivity to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)

165,100,000,000

179,100,000,000

99,230,000,000

103,200,000,000

8,150,000,000,000

2,817,000

6,880,000

9,475,000

267,900,000,000

Aash Al Maleek (Long live the King); It praises God and asks that he will grant the King of Saudi Arabia long life.

Aash Al Maleek (Long live the King) Sarei Lil Majd Walalya Majjedi Le Khaleg Assama Warfai El Khaffag Akhdar Yahmil Annoor al mosattar Raddedy Allah Wakbar Yamawteni Mawtenii Gad Isht Fakhr Al Moslemeen Aash Al Maleek Lelalam Walwatan.

Hasten to glory and supremacy! Glorify the Creator of the heavens And raise the green, fluttering flag, Carrying the emblem of Light! Repeat - God is greatest! O my country, My country, may you always live, The glory of all Moslems! Long live the King, For the flag and the country!