Demographics & population — Poland
Population size, age structure, migration, ethnicity, language, education, and health indicators.
Profile updated 2026-06-02
⚡ Demographics & population at a glance
Population size, age structure, migration, ethnicity, language, education, and health indicators. Key figure for Poland: 38,282,325
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Population overview
- Population
38,282,325
- Population Growth Rate
-1%
- Population Distribution
population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk
- Urban Population
- urban population: 60.2%
- of total population rate of urbanization: -0.16% annual rate of change
- Population in Major Urban Areas
1.798 million WARSAW (capital), 769,000 Krakow
- Population: Male/Female
- total: 38,746,310
- male: 18,441,415
- female: 20,304,895
Age & family
- Age Structure
- years: 14.2% (male 2,830,048/female 2,676,300) 15-64
- years: 65.9% (male 12,513,402/female 13,036,977) 65
- years and over: 19.8% (male 3,097,965/female 4,591,618)
- Median Age
- total: 42.9
- years male: 41.5
- years female: 44.3 years
- Birth Rate - births/1,000 population
8
- Death Rate - deaths/1,000 population
12.2
- Total Fertility Rate - children born/woman
1.32
- Gross reproduction rate
1
- Contraceptive Prevalance Rate - female 12-49
62.3%
- Contraceptive Prevalence Rate - female 12-49
62.3%
- Currently married women (ages 15-49)
56.6%
- Mean Age for Mother's First Birth (age 25-49)
27.9
- Mother's mean age at first birth
27.9
- Sex Ratio at Birth - male/female
- at birth: 1.06
- male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06
- male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96
- male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.67
- male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female
Migration
- Net Migration Rate - migrant(s)/1,000 population
-6.2
Ethnicity & language
- Ethnic Groups
Polish 96.9%, Silesian 1.1%, German 0.2%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7%
- Language Note
- Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.2%
- note - data represent the language spoken at home
- shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census
- Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages
- Nationality Noun
- Pole(s) adjective: Polish
Education
- Literacy - total population
99.8%
- Literacy - male
99.8%
- Literacy - female
99.8%
- Literacy Definition
age 15 and over can read and write
- Education Expenditures - percent of GDP
5.2%
- Total School Life Expectancy - (primary to tertiary)
- total: 16
- years male: 15
- years female: 17 years
Health & living conditions
- Life Expectancy at Birth
- total population: 76.7
- years male: 72.8
- years female: 80.9 years
- Infant Mortality Rate
- total: 4.9 deaths/1,000
- live births male: 5.3 deaths/1,000
- live births female: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births
- Infant Mortality Rate - total deaths/1,000 live births
- total: 4.9 deaths/1,000
- live births male: 5.3 deaths/1,000
- live births female: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births
- Maternal Mortality Rate - deaths/100,000 live births
2
- Physicians Density - physicians/1,000 population
3.77
- Hospital Bed Density - beds/1,000 population
6.5
- Health Expenditures - percent of GDP
6.5%
- Major Infectious Diseases - degree of risk
- intermediate vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis
- Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.1%
- Tobacco Use
- total: 24%
- male: 27.9%
- female: 20.1%
- Alcohol consumption per capita
- total: 10.96
- liters of pure alcohol beer: 5.72
- liters of pure alcohol wine: 0.88
- liters of pure alcohol spirits: 4.36
- liters of pure alcohol other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol
- Drinking Water Source - percent of urban population improved
- urban: 99.9%
- of population rural: 100%
- of population total: 100%
- urban: 0.1%
- of population rural: 0%
- of population total: 0% of population
- Sanitation Facility Access - percent of urban population improved
- urban: 100%
- of population rural: 100%
- of population total: 100%
- urban: 0%
- of population rural: 0%
- of population total: 0% of population