Moving to Mali: visas, cost of living & immigrant guide

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Population

19,553,397

Population Growth Rate

3.01%

Urban Population

34.900000

Population in Major Urban Areas

BAMAKO (capital) 2.037 million

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Age Structure

47.270000

Median Age

16.000000

Birth Rate - births/1,000 population

46

Death Rate - deaths/1,000 population

13.55

Total Fertility Rate - children born/woman

6.25

Contraceptive Prevalance Rate - female 12-49

8.2%

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate - female 12-49

8.2%

Mean Age for Mother's First Birth (age 25-49)

18.6

Mother's mean age at first birth

18.6

Sex Ratio at Birth - male/female

1.030000

Net Migration Rate - migrant(s)/1,000 population

-2.41

Ethnic Groups

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Nationality Noun

Malian(s)

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Literacy - total population

46.4%

Literacy - male

53.5%

Literacy - female

39.6%

Literacy Definition

age 15 and over can read and write

Education Expenditures - percent of GDP

4.8%

Total School Life Expectancy - (primary to tertiary)

9.000000

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Life Expectancy at Birth

54.550000

Infant Mortality Rate

106.490000

Infant Mortality Rate - total deaths/1,000 live births

106.490000

Maternal Mortality Rate - deaths/100,000 live births

540

Physicians Density - physicians/1,000 population

.08

Hospital Bed Density - beds/1,000 population

.1

Health Expenditures - percent of GDP

6.8%

Major Infectious Diseases - degree of risk

very high

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

4.3%

Drinking Water Source - percent of urban population improved

90.900000

Sanitation Facility Access - percent of urban population improved

35.300000

Underweight - percent of children under five years

27.9%

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Economic Overview

Among the 25 poorest countries in the world, landlocked Mali depends on gold mining and agricultural exports for revenue.

The country's fiscal status fluctuates with gold and agricultural commodity prices and the harvest; cotton and gold exports make up around 80% of export earnings.

Mali remains dependent on foreign aid.

Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger River; about 65% of Mali’s land area is desert or semidesert.

About 10% of the population is nomadic and about 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing.

Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities.

The government subsidizes the production of cereals to decrease the country’s dependence on imported foodstuffs and to reduce its vulnerability to food price shocks.

Mali is developing its iron ore extraction industry to diversify foreign exchange earnings away from gold, but the pace will depend on global price trends.

Although the political coup in 2012 slowed Mali’s growth, the economy has since bounced back, with GDP growth above 5% in 2014-17, although physical insecurity, high population growth, corruption, weak infrastructure, and low levels of human capital continue to constrain economic development.

Higher rainfall helped to boost cotton output in 2017, and the country’s 2017 budget increased spending more than 10%, much of which was devoted to infrastructure and agriculture.

Corruption and political turmoil are strong downside risks in 2018 and beyond.

Industries

• food processing
• construction
• phosphate and gold mining

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$1,800.00 (USD)

GDP - real growth rate

5%

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GDP - Gross Domestic Product (PPP)

$44,890,000,000 (USD)

GDP Per Capita

$1,800.00 (USD)

GDP - real growth rate

5%

GDP - official exchange rate

$10,950,000,000 (USD)

GDP - composition, by end use

• consumption: 83.3% government
• consumption: 18.1% investment in fixed
• capital: 16.7%& investment in
• inventories: -0.1% exports of goods and
• services: 30.1% imports of goods and
• services: -48.1%

GDP by Sector- agriculture

38.5%

GDP by Sector- Industry

23.3%

GDP by Sector- services

38.2%

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Inflation Rate

2.5%

Currency Name and Code

CFA Franc BCEAO (XOF)

Fiscal Year

calendar year

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

9.3%

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Labor Force

3,241,000

Unemployment Rate

30%

Major Industries

• food processing
• construction
• phosphate and gold mining

Agriculture Products

cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats

Population Below Poverty Line

36.1%

Child Labor - # of children ages 5-14

1,485,027

Child Labor - % of children ages 5-14

36%

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Labor Force By Occupation - industry and services

20%

Labor Force By Occupation- agriculture

80%

Annual Budget

$1,500,000,000 (USD)

Budget Surplus or Deficit - percent of GDP

-0.7%

Taxes and other revenues - percent of GDP

25.2%

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Full Country Name

Republic of Mali

Country Name

Mali

Local - Long

Republique de Mali

Local - Short

Mali

Former Name

French Sudan, Sudanese Republic, Mali Federation

Etymology- history of name

name derives from the West African Mali Empire of the 13th to 16th centuries A.D.

Independence

22 September 1960 (from France)

National Holiday

Independence Day, 22 September (1960)

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Government Type

semi-presidential republic

Constitution

• history: several previous; latest drafted 13 October 2022 and submitted to Transition President Assimi GOITA; final draft completed 1 March 2023; referendum held on 18 June 2023 and approved; referendum results validated by Constitutional Court on 22 July 2023; note - the new constitution includes provisions for the extension of presidential and military powers and the creation of a "senate"
• amendments: procedure for amending the 2023 constitution NA

Legal System:

civil law system based on the French civil law model and influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Constitutional Court

Executive Branch:

• chief of state: Transition President Assimi GOITA (since 7 June 2021)
• head of government: Transition Prime Minister Abdoulaye MAIGA (since 22 November 2024)
• cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister election/appointment
• process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president most recent election
• date: 29 July 2018, with runoff on 12 August 2018
• election results: 2018: Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (RPM) 41.7%, Soumaila CISSE (URD) 17.8%, other 40.5%; percent of vote in second round - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA 67.2%, Soumaila CISSE 32.8% 2013: Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (RPM) 39.8%, Soumaila CISSE (URD) 19.7%, other 40.5%; percent of vote in second round - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (RPM) 77.6%, Soumaila CISSE (URD) 22.4%
• note: in 2022, the transition government adopted a charter allowing transition authorities to rule for up to 5 years, but the military junta pushed through a referendum in 2023 that created the potential for transition President GOITA to maintain his hold on power indefinitely

Legislative Branch:

• Description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members directly elected in single and multi-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; 13 seats reserved for citizens living abroad; members serve 5-year terms) note 1 - the National Assembly was dissolved on 18 August 2020 following a military coup and the resignation of President KEITA; the transition government created a National Transition Council (CNT) whose 121 members were selected by then-transition vice president Assimi GOITA; the CNT acts as the transition government's legislative body with Malick DIAW serving as the president; in February 2022, the CNT increased the number of seats to 147, but some of the additional seats have not yet been filled note 2 - passage of a constitutional referendum held on 18 June 2023 calls for the creation of a "senate"
• Elections: last held on 30 March and 19 April 2020;
• Note: following the dissolution of the National Assembly in August 2020 and the ratification of a new constitutional in July 2023 expanding the powers of the military junta, no plans for legislative elections have been announced
• Election Results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA
• Composition: NA

Judicial Branch:

• office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the Ministry of Justice to serve 5-year terms; Constitutional Court judges selected - 3 each by the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Council of the Magistracy; members serve single renewable 7-year terms
• subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; High Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases of high treason or criminal offenses by the president or ministers while in office); administrative courts (first instance and appeal); commercial courts; magistrate courts; labor courts; juvenile courts; special court of state security

Regions or States:

10 regions (regions, singular - region), 1 district*; District de Bamako*, Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Menaka, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Taoudenni, Tombouctou (Timbuktu); note - Menaka and Taoudenni were legislated in 2016, but implementation has not been confirmed by the US Board on Geographic Names

Political Parties and Leaders:

• African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO]
• Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP-Maliba [Amadou THIAM]
• Alliance for Democracy in Mali-Pan-African Party for Liberty, Solidarity, and Justice or ADEMA-PASJ [Tiemoko SANGARE]
• Alliance for the Solidarity of Mali-Convergence of Patriotic Forces or ASMA-CFP [Amadou CISSE, vice-president, acting]
• Convergence for the Development of Mali or CODEM [Housseyni Amion GUINDO]
• Democratic Alliance for Peace or ADP-Maliba [Aliou Boubacar DIALLO]
• Movement for Mali or MPM [Brahima DIANESSY, deputy]
• Party for National Renewal (also Rebirth or Renaissance or PARENA) [Tiebile DRAME]
• Rally for Mali or RPM [Boucary TRETA]
• Social Democratic Convention or CDS [Mamadou Bakary "Blaise" SANGARE]
• Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Hassane BARRY]
• Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Soumaïla CISSE]
• Yéléma [Moussa MARA] note 1: only parties with 2 or more seats in the last National Assembly parliamentary elections (30 March and 19 April 2020) listed note 2: the National Assembly was dissolved on 18 August 2020 following a military coup and replaced with a National Transition Council
• currently 121 members, party affiliations unknown

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Citizenship Criteria:

• birth: no citizenship by descent
• only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Mali dual citizenship
• recognized: yes residency requirement for
• naturalization: 5 years

Capital Name

Bamako

Capital - geographic coordinate

12 39 N, 8 00 W

Capital Time Difference

UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

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International Organization Participation:

• ACP
• AfDB
• AU (suspended)
• CD
• EITI (compliant country)
• FAO
• FZ
• G-77
• IAEA
• IBRD
• ICAO
• ICCt
• ICRM
• IDA
• IDB
• IFAD
• IFC
• IFRCS
• ILO
• IMF
• Interpol
• IOC
• IOM
• IPU
• ISO
• ITSO
• ITU
• ITUC (NGOs)
• MIGA
• MINUSCA
• MONUSCO
• NAM
• OIC
• OPCW
• UN
• UNCTAD
• UNDP
• UNESCO
• UNFPA
• UNHCR
• UNIDO
• UNOPS
• UN Women
• UNWTO
• UPU
• WADB (regional)
• WAEMU
• World Bank Group
• WCO
• WFTU (NGOs)
• WHO
• WIPO
• WMO
• WTO

International Law Organization Participation:

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Diplomatic Representation from US:

• Chief of Mission: Ambassador Rachna KORHONEN (since 16 March 2023)
• Embassy: ACI 2000, Rue 243, (located off the Roi Bin Fahad Aziz Bridge west of the Bamako central district), Porte 297, Bamako
• Mailing Address: 2050 Bamako Place, Washington DC 20521-2050
• Telephone: [223] 20-70-23-00
• FAX: [223] 20-70-24-79
• Email: ACSBamako@state.gov
• Website: https://ml.usembassy.gov/

Diplomatic Representation in the US:

• Chief of Mission: Ambassador Sékou BERTHE (since 16 September 2022)
• Chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
• Telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249
• FAX: [1] (202) 332-6603
• Email: administration@maliembassy.us
• Website: https://www.maliembassy.us/

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Geographic Location

Africa

Geographic Coordinates

17 00 N, 4 00 W

Total Area

478,838 Square Miles 1,240,192 Square Kilometers

Land Area

471,115 Square Miles 1,220,190 Square Kilometers

Water Area

7,723 Square Miles 20,002 Square Kilometers

Land Boundaries

4,501 Miles 7,243 Kilometers

Border Countries

Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

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Terrain

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

Highest Point

1,155 Meters

Highest Point Location

Hombori Tondo 1,155 m

Lowest Point

23 Meters

Lowest Point Location

Senegal River 23 m

Natural Resources

gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, hydropower

Irrigated Land

910 Square Miles 2,358 Square Kilometers

Time Zone

UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

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Climate

There are two primary seasons in West Africa.

The dry period can be further divided into two distinct seasons, mild and hot, particularly in the savanna and Sahelian regions of Mali.

The rainy season usually begins in June and continues into October.

Almost all of the annual rainfall occurs during this time.

As much as 60-80 inches of rain may fall in the southern savanna but rainfall is lower further north.

Temperatures range from 70 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit (21-40°C).

The cool season lasts from December to mid-February, when temperatures range from 60 degrees Fahrenheit at night to the mid-80s (about 28-34°C) during the day.

The hot season starts in mid-February and goes into June.

The air is dry, dusty, and very hot; temperatures often reach over 100 degrees (40°C) and clouds of dust hang in the air.

This is the season of the harmattan, the dry, sandy wind that brings dust clouds southwards from the Sahara.

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

Location

interior Western Africa, southwest of Algeria, north of Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, and Burkina Faso, west of Niger

Total Area

478,838 Square Miles 1,240,192 Square Kilometers

Border Countries

Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

Environment - Current Issues

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching

Environment - International Agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

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Exports

$294,000,000 (USD)

Imports

$2,358,000,000 (USD)

Major Exports

cotton, gold, livestock

Major Imports

petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles

Top Export Partners

Thailand 14.4%, Italy 10.2%, India 7.8%, Germany 4.8%, Spain 4.8%, Mauritius 4.2%, Portugal 4.2%

Top Import Partners

Cote d'Ivoire 16.9%, France 13.4%, Senegal 6.4%

Export Partners

Thailand 14.4%, Italy 10.2%, India 7.8%, Germany 4.8%, Spain 4.8%, Mauritius 4.2%, Portugal 4.2%

Import Partners

Cote d'Ivoire 16.9%, France 13.4%, Senegal 6.4%

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Country Description

Mali is a developing country in western Africa which remains politically unstable following the coup d’etat in March 2012 and the ongoing conflict in northern Mali.

The official language is French; however, Bambara is the lingua franca and a total of thirteen local languages are also spoken and have status as national languages.

The capital of Mali is Bamako (1.8 million, 2009 census estimate).

Facilities for tourism are limited and their development has stalled since March.

There is a serious threat of terrorist activities in Mali’s three northern regions (Timbuktu, Gao, and Kidal, which make up nearly 60 percent of the country’s area) and in remote areas along the Mauritanian border.

Following the fall of the north to rebel groups in April 2012, several terrorist organizations including Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) have been increasing their use of the area as a safe haven for holding hostages and planning operations.

While the Government of Mali, assisted by French and African intervention forces, regained control over the major northern cities in early 2013, these terrorist organizations still retain the capacity to launch attacks from their bases in the countryside.

Safety & Security

Continued insecurity exists in Mali.

Major cities in northern Mali (including Gao and Timbutktu) were liberated by French, Malian, and other international forces in January 2013, but Islamic extremist elements including Ansar al-Dine, the Movement for Oneness and Jihad (MUJAO), and al-Qaida in the Lands of Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), remain active in the region.

As noted in the Department of State’s Worldwide Caution, both the United States and the European Union have designated AQIM as a terrorist organization.

AQIM has declared its intention to attack Western targets throughout the Sahel (including Mali, Mauritania, and Niger), and has claimed responsibility for numerous recent kidnappings/attempted kidnappings and other violent events in the region.

Given these threats, on January 19, the U.S.

Embassy advised U.S. citizens in Mali to consider leaving the country.

On January 10, the Islamic extremist elements captured the northern town of Konna, but after French military intervention and heavy fighting, extremists were driven out of the city.

On January 11, the Malian government declared a State of Emergency in Mali, allowing the government to take extraordinary measures to deal with the crisis in the north.

French, Malian, and other international forces continued to push into northern Mali, liberating Timbuktu and Gao by January 25, but asymmetrical attacks remain a threat throughout the entire country.

On February 9-10, military checkpoints in Gao were hit by two separate suicide bombers, injuring one Malian soldier.

Also on February 10, French forces repelled an attack on Gao by rebel forces, which led to heavy fighting inside the city.

Large and small street demonstrations occur regularly in Bamako.

U.S. citizens should avoid street demonstrations and maintain security awareness at all times.

Although demonstrations can occur spontaneously, large student demonstrations typically begin in January and February and continue through May.

You should be particularly vigilant at these times.

For hundreds of years, the Sahel has been used by traffickers of arms, drugs, and persons because of its remoteness and centralized location between Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa.

While these elements usually attempt to avoid contact with outsiders, even an accidental encounter could generate a violent response due to the illicit nature of their activities.

The U.S.

Embassy in Bamako has restricted all travel outside of the city of Bamako for its direct-hire official employees.

Prior to traveling outside of Bamako, U.S. government employees are required to have the written approval of the U.S.

Ambassador to Mali.

Though this restriction does not apply to private U.S. citizens, it should be taken into account by all U.S. citizens contemplating travel to and within Mali.

Although we place the highest priority on the safe recovery of kidnapped U.S. citizens, it is U.S. policy not to make concessions to kidnappers.

This, along with the vast and remote territory where kidnappers usually hold their victims, limits our ability to assist kidnap victims.

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Crime

Violent crime in Mali is infrequent, but petty crimes, such as pick pocketing and simple theft, are common in urban areas.

Passports and wallets should be closely guarded when in crowded outdoor areas and open-air markets.

Individuals are advised against traveling on the Bamako-Dakar railroad and should be vigilant for pickpockets, especially at night.

Criminals will not hesitate to use violence if they encounter resistance from their victims.

There are sporadic reports of nighttime robberies occurring on the roads outside of the capital; tourists should not drive outside of Bamako at night.

Travelers should stay alert, remain in groups, and avoid poorly lit areas after dark.

Violent criminal activity does occasionally occur in Bamako.

During and after the coup d’état in March 2012, violent attacks and looting were reported around Bamako.

Violent attacks were also reported prior to the coup, most occurring south of the Niger River in the neighborhood of Badalabougou.

Most reported attacks took place at night.

The majority targeted unaccompanied individuals and ranged from muggings at gun- or knife-point to physical assaults.

Many of the attacks occurred near the residences of the victims, both inside and outside of their vehicles.

Sporadic banditry and random carjackings have historically plagued Mali's vast northern desert region and its borders with Mauritania and Niger.

While banditry has not targeted U.S. citizens specifically, such acts of violence cannot be predicted.

The current instability in the north has increased the risk of carjacking, kidnapping, and banditry.

In November 2011, two French nationals were kidnapped from their hotel rooms in Hombori, one of whom was reportedly beheaded in early 2013.

The following day, one German was killed while a Dutch citizen, a Swedish citizen, and a South African were kidnapped in Timbuktu.

In April 2012, a Swiss national was kidnapped in Timbuktu and seven Algerian diplomats were kidnapped in Gao.

In November 2012, a French national was kidnapped near the town of Kayes, close to the Senegalese/Mauritanian border.

Criminal Penalties

While in Mali, you are subject to its laws even if you are a U.S. citizen.

In some places you may be taken in for questioning if you don’t have your passport with you.

In some places driving under the influence could land you immediately in jail.

There are also some acts that might be legal in the country you visit, but still illegal in the United States, and you can be prosecuted under U.S. law if you buy pirated goods.

Engaging in sexual conduct with children or using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country is a crime prosecutable in the United States.

If you break local laws in Mali, your U.S. passport will not help you avoid arrest or prosecution.

It is very important to know what’s legal and what’s not where you are going.

Persons violating Mali’s laws, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested or imprisoned.

Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Mali are severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines.

The U.S.

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Medical Facilities

Medical facilities in Mali are extremely limited, especially outside of Bamako.

Psychiatric care to the same standard as that practiced in the United States does not exist.

The U.S.

Embassy in Bamako maintains a list of physicians and other healthcare professionals who have indicated willingness to treat U.S. citizen patients.

The Embassy is unable to recommend medical professionals or facilities.

Most U.S. medicines are unavailable; European medications are more easily found, and can be obtained at pharmacies throughout Bamako, and are usually less expensive than those in the United States.

Travelers should carry with them an adequate supply of needed medication and prescription drugs, along with copies of the prescriptions, including the generic names for the drugs.

Be careful to avoid purchasing potentially dangerous counterfeit medications when buying on the local market in Mali.

Traffic Safety

While in a foreign country, you may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States.

The information below concerning Mali is provided for general reference only, and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance.

U.S. citizens traveling by road in Mali should exercise extreme caution.

Mali has paved roads leading from Bamako to most major cities in the south.

During the rainy season from mid-June to mid-September, some unpaved roads may be impassable.

On many roads outside of the capital, deep sand and ditches are common.

Four-wheel drive vehicles with spare tires and emergency equipment are recommended.

Travelers must be prepared to repair their own vehicles should they break down or become stuck.

Travelers should also carry plenty of food and water.

We strongly urge all travelers to avoid traveling after dark on roads outside of urban centers.

The roads from Gao to Kidal and Menaka, and the roads around Timbuktu, are desert tracks with long isolated stretches.

Travel on these roads is strongly discouraged due to the threat of kidnapping and terrorism (see THREATS TO SAFETY AND SECURITY section above).

Drivers travel on the right-hand side of the road in Mali.

Speed limits range from 40-60 km per hour (25-40 miles per hour) within towns, to 100 km per hour (60 miles per hour) between cities.

Road conditions often require much lower speeds.

Due to safety concerns, we recommend against the use of motorbikes, van taxis, and public transportation.

Excessive speeds, poorly maintained vehicles, lack of street lighting, and roving livestock pose serious road hazards.

Many vehicles are not well-maintained, and headlights are either extremely dim or not used at all, while rear lights or reflectors are often missing or broken.

Driving conditions in the capital of Bamako can be particularly dangerous due to limited street lighting, the absence of sidewalks for pedestrians, and the number of motorcycles, mopeds, and bicycles.

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Airports - total

25

Airports with Paved Runways

8

Heliports

2

Railways

368 Miles 593 Kilometers

Roadways- total

13,965 Miles 22,474 Kilometers

Roadways- paved

3,431 Miles 5,522 Kilometers

Waterways

1,118 Miles 1,800 Kilometers

Ports and Terminals

Koulikoro

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Telephones

81,000

Cell Phones

2,483,000

Internet Users

100,000

Internet Country Code

.ml

Internet Hosts

524

Broadcast Media

• national public TV broadcaster
• 2 privately owned companies provide subscription services to foreign multi-channel TV packages
• national public radio broadcaster supplemented by a large number of privately owned and community broadcast stations
• transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available

Telephone System

• assessment: domestic system unreliable but improving; increasing use of local radio loops to extend network coverage to remote areas
• domestic: fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to about 70 per 100 persons
• international: country code - 223; satellite communications center and fiber-optic links to neighboring countries; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean)

Electricity Consumption- Kilowatt Hours (kWh)

479,000,000

Electricity Production- Kilowatt Hours (kWh)

515,000,000

Oil Consumption- Barrels Per Day (bbl/day)

4,994

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Anthem History

A former French colony in Saharan Africa, its independence and national anthem was granted in 1962.

Anthem Lyrics

A ton appel Mali Pour ta prospérité Fidèle à ton destin Nous serons tous unis Un peuple, un but, une foi Pour une Afrique unie Si l'ennemi découvre son front Au dedans ou au dehors Debout sur les remparts Nous sommes résolus de mourir CHORUS: Pour l'Afrique et pour toi Mali Notre drapeau sera liberté Pour l'Afrique et pour toi Mali Notre combat sera unité Ô Mali d'aujourd'hui Ô Mali de demain Les champs fleurissent d'espérance Les coeurs vibrent de confiance L'Afrique se lève enfin Saluons ce jour nouveau Saluons la liberté Marchons vers l'unité Dignité retrouvée Soutient notre combat Fidèle à notre serment De faire l'Afrique unie Ensemble debout mes frères Tous au rendez-vous de l'honneur CHORUS Debout villes et campagnes Debout femmes, jeunes et vieux Pour la patrie en marche Vers l'avenir radieux Pour notre dignité Renforçons bien nos rangs Pour le salut public Forgeons le bien commun Ensemble au coude à coude Faisons le sentier du bonheur CHORUS La voie est dure très dure Qui mène au bonheur commun Courage et dévouement Vigilance à tout moment Vérité des temps anciens Vérité de tous les jours Le bonheur par le labeur Fera le Mali de demain CHORUS

Anthem Lyrics English

At your call, Mali, So that you may prosper, Faithful to your destiny, We shall all be united, One people, one goal, one faith For a united Africa.

If the enemy should show himself Within or without, On the ramparts, We are ready to stand and die.

CHORUS: For Africa and for you, Mali, Our banner shall be liberty.

For Africa and for you, Mali, Our fight shall be for unity.

Oh, Mali of today, Oh, Mali of tomorrow, The fields are flowering with hope And hearts are thrilling with confidence.

Africa is at last arising, Let us greet this new day.

Let us greet freedom, Let us march towards unity.

Refound dignity Supports our struggle.

Faithful to our oath To make a united Africa, Together, arise, my brothers, All to the place where honour calls.

CHORUS Stand up, towns and countryside, Stand up, women, stand up young and old, For the Fatherland on the road Towards a radiant future.

For the sake of our dignity Let us strengthen our ranks; For the public well-being Let us forge the common good.

Together, shoulder to shoulder, Let us work for happiness.

CHORUS The road is hard, very hard, That leads to common happiness.

Courage and devotion, Constant vigilance, Courage and devotion, Constant vigilance, Truth from olden times, The truths of every day, Happiness through effort Will build the Mali of tomorrow.

CHORUS