Moving to Jamaica: visas, cost of living & immigrant guide

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Population

2,808,570

Population Growth Rate

0.7%

Urban Population

52.000000

Population in Major Urban Areas

KINGSTON (capital) 571,000

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Age Structure

27.560000

Median Age

24.600000

Birth Rate - births/1,000 population

19

Death Rate - deaths/1,000 population

6.63

Total Fertility Rate - children born/woman

2.09

Contraceptive Prevalance Rate - female 12-49

69%

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate - female 12-49

69%

Mean Age for Mother's First Birth (age 25-49)

21.2

Mother's mean age at first birth

21.2

Sex Ratio at Birth - male/female

1.050000

Net Migration Rate - migrant(s)/1,000 population

-4.99

Ethnic Groups

black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%, mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%

Nationality Noun

Jamaican(s)

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Literacy - total population

87.9%

Literacy - male

84.1%

Literacy - female

91.6%

Literacy Definition

age 15 and over has ever attended school

Education Expenditures - percent of GDP

6.1%

Total School Life Expectancy - (primary to tertiary)

12.000000

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Life Expectancy at Birth

73.440000

Infant Mortality Rate

13.980000

Infant Mortality Rate - total deaths/1,000 live births

13.980000

Maternal Mortality Rate - deaths/100,000 live births

110

Physicians Density - physicians/1,000 population

.41

Hospital Bed Density - beds/1,000 population

1.8

Health Expenditures - percent of GDP

5.2%

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

24.1%

Drinking Water Source - percent of urban population improved

97.100000

Sanitation Facility Access - percent of urban population improved

78.400000

Underweight - percent of children under five years

3.2%

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Economic Overview

The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which accounts for more than 70% of GDP.

The country derives most of its foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite/alumina.

Earnings from remittances and tourism each account for 14% and 20% of GDP, while bauxite/alumina exports have declined to less than 5% of GDP.

Jamaica's economy has grown on average less than 1% a year for the last three decades and many impediments remain to growth: a bloated public sector which crowds out spending on important projects; high crime and corruption; red-tape; and a high debt-to-GDP ratio.

Jamaica, however, has made steady progress in reducing its debt-to-GDP ratio from a high of almost 150% in 2012 to less than 110% in 2017, in close collaboration with the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The current IMF Stand-By Agreement requires Jamaica to produce an annual primary surplus of 7%, in an attempt to reduce its debt burden below 60% by 2025.

Economic growth reached 1.6% in 2016, but declined to 0.9% in 2017 after intense rainfall, demonstrating the vulnerability of the economy to weather-related events.

The HOLNESS administration therefore faces the difficult prospect of maintaining fiscal discipline to reduce the debt load while simultaneously implementing growth inducing policies and attacking a serious crime problem.

High unemployment exacerbates the crime problem, including gang violence fueled by advanced fee fraud (lottery scamming) and the drug trade.

Industries

tourism, bauxite/alumina, textiles, agro processing, wearing apparel, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products, telecommunications

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$8,800.00 (USD)

GDP - real growth rate

1.1%

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GDP - Gross Domestic Product (PPP)

$25,890,000,000 (USD)

GDP Per Capita

$8,800.00 (USD)

GDP - real growth rate

1.1%

GDP - official exchange rate

$13,820,000,000 (USD)

GDP - composition, by end use

• consumption: 84.8% government
• consumption: 14.8% investment in fixed
• capital: 22.2% investment in
• inventories: 0.4% exports of goods and
• services: 32.2% imports of goods and
• services: -54.4%

GDP by Sector- agriculture

7%

GDP by Sector- Industry

21.4%

GDP by Sector- services

71.6%

Industrial Growth Rate

-2%

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Inflation Rate

13%

Exchange Rate per US Dollar

Jamaican dollar (JMD)

Currency Name and Code

Jamaican Dollar (JMD)

Fiscal Year

1 April - 31 March

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

17%

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Labor Force

1,317,000

Unemployment Rate

12.9%

Major Industries

tourism, bauxite/alumina, textiles, agro processing, wearing apparel, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products, telecommunications

Agriculture Products

sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, vegetables, poultry, goats, milk, crustaceans, and mollusks

Population Below Poverty Line

16.5%

Child Labor - # of children ages 5-14

38,516

Child Labor - % of children ages 5-14

6%

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Labor Force By Occupation- agriculture

17%

Labor Force By Occupation- industry

19%

Labor Force By Occupation- services

64%

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Annual Budget

$3,611,000,000 (USD)

Public Debt (% of GDP)

135%

Budget Surplus or Deficit - percent of GDP

-1.8%

Taxes and other revenues - percent of GDP

26.6%

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Full Country Name

none

Country Name

Jamaica

Etymology- history of name

from the native Taino word "haymaca" meaning "Land of Wood and Water" or possibly "Land of Springs"

Independence

6 August 1962 (from the UK)

National Holiday

Independence Day, 6 August (1962)

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Government Type

parliamentary democracy (Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm

Constitution

• history: several previous (preindependence); latest drafted 1961-62, submitted to British Parliament 24 July 1962, entered into force 6 August 1962 (at independence)
• amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments to "non-entrenched" constitutional sections, such as lowering the voting age, requires majority vote by the Parliament membership; passage of amendments to "entrenched" sections, such as fundamental rights and freedoms, requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament; passage of amendments to "specially entrenched" sections such as the dissolution of Parliament or the executive authority of the monarch requires two-thirds approval by Parliament and approval in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2017

Legal System:

common law system based on the English model

Executive Branch:

• chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Sir Patrick L. ALLEN (since 26 February 2009); note - the Jamaican Government, in May 2023, announced plans to hold a referendum in 2024 to determine whether or not to remain in the Commonwealth or become a republic previous
• chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
• head of government: Prime Minister Andrew HOLNESS (since 3 March 2016)
• cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
• elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor general

Legislative Branch:

• Description: bicameral Parliament consists of: Senate (21 seats; 13 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and 8 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the opposition party leader; members serve 5-year terms (no term limits) or until Parliament is dissolved) House of Representatives (63 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms (no term limits) or until Parliament is dissolved)
• Elections: Senate - last full slate of appointments early on 3 September 2020 (next full slate in 2025) House of Representatives - last held on 3 September 2020 (next to be held in 2025)
• Election Results: - Senate - percent by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition (as of June 2021) - men 13, women 8, percent of women 38.1% House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - JLP 57%, PNP 42.8%, independent 0.2%; seats by party - JLP 48, PNP 15; composition (as of June 2021) - men 45, women 18; percent of women 28.6%;
• Note: total Parliament percent of women 31%

Judicial Branch:

• office: chief justice of the Supreme Court and president of the Court of Appeal appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister; other judges of both courts appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; judges of both courts serve till age 70
• subordinate courts: resident magistrate courts, district courts, and petty sessions courts

Regions or States:

14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation

Political Parties and Leaders:

• Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Andrew Michael HOLNESS]
• Jamaica Progressive Party or JPP [Gilbert Alexander EDWARDS]
• People's National Party or PNP [Mark GOLDING]
• United Independents' Congress or UIC [Joseph L. PATTERSON]

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Citizenship Criteria:

• birth: yes citizenship by descent
• only: yes dual citizenship
• recognized: yes residency requirement for
• naturalization: 4 out of the previous 5 years

Capital Name

Kingston

Capital - geographic coordinate

18 00 N, 76 48 W

Capital Time Difference

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

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International Organization Participation:

• ACP
• AOSIS
• Caricom
• CDB
• CELAC
• FAO
• G-15
• G-77
• IADB
• IAEA
• IBRD
• ICAO
• ICC (NGOs)
• ICRM
• IDA
• IFAD
• IFC
• IFRCS
• IHO
• ILO
• IMF
• IMO
• Interpol
• IOC
• IOM
• ISO
• ITSO
• ITU
• LAES
• MIGA
• NAM
• OAS
• OPANAL
• OPCW
• Petrocaribe
• UN
• UNCTAD
• UNESCO
• UNIDO
• UNITAR
• UNWTO
• UPU
• WCO
• WFTU (NGOs)
• WHO
• WIPO
• WMO
• WTO

International Law Organization Participation:

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Diplomatic Representation from US:

• Chief of Mission: Ambassador N. Nickolas PERRY (since 13 May 2022)
• Embassy: 142 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6
• Mailing Address: 3210 Kingston Place, Washington DC 20521-3210
• Telephone: (876) 702-6000 (2018)
• FAX: (876) 702-6348 (2018)
• Email: KingstonACS@state.gov
• Website: https://jm.usembassy.gov/

Diplomatic Representation in the US:

• Chief of Mission: Ambassador Audrey Patrice MARKS (since 18 January 2017)
• Chancery: 1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
• Telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660
• FAX: [1] (202) 452-0036
• Email: contactus@jamaicaembassy.org
• Website: https://www.embassyofjamaica.org/
• Consulate(s) General: Miami, New York consulate(s): Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Concord (MA), Houston, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Richmond (VA), San Francisco, Seattle

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Geographic Location

The Caribbean

Geographic Coordinates

18 15 N, 77 30 W

Total Area

4,244 Square Miles 10,991 Square Kilometers

Land Area

4,182 Square Miles 10,831 Square Kilometers

Water Area

62 Square Miles 160 Square Kilometers

Coastline

635 Miles 1,022 Kilometers

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Terrain

mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

Highest Point

2,256 Meters

Highest Point Location

Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m

Lowest Point Location

Caribbean Sea 0 m

Natural Resources

bauxite, gypsum, limestone

Irrigated Land

97 Square Miles 252 Square Kilometers

Time Zone

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

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Climate

Jamaica enjoys a favorable climate.

Daily temperatures average 79°F, with an average maximum of 86.5°F and an average minimum of 71.5°F.

Temperatures vary depending on elevation, however for all locations, the warmest months are June to August and the coolest months are December to February.

Northeast trade winds help maintain a feeling of relative comfort.

Elevation and the island's geography affect temperature and rainfall markedly.

Rainfall varies from an annual average of 35 to 200 inches depending on location.

Rainfall is generally heaviest during May-June and September-November, though these are not rainy seasons in the tropical sense.

Mildew is a problem during these months.

December-March are the driest months.

Relative humidity in Kingston ranges from about 70-85%.

Jamaica is in the earthquake and hurricane belts, but has not had a disastrous earthquake since 1907, though there are usually a few tremors every year.

In September 2004, the island was struck by Hurricane Ivan, the first since Hurricane Gilbert devastated much of the island in 1988.

The main force of the storm affected the entire island, especially the southern coastal areas, and caused widespread damage, mainly to crops and vegetation, coastal properties, utilities, and roofs.

Jamaica has over 600 insect species as well as 250 bird species-25 of which belong only to Jamaica.

About 120 species of butterflies, including the world's largest (with a 6 inch wingspan), are also found here.

The island is especially noted for its fireflies, otherwise known as blinkies or peeny-waullies.

A profusion of flowering shrubs, trees, and cactuses reflects Jamaica's great variation of climate and topography.

Hundreds of imported plants are well established.

Pimento, or allspice, is from an indigenous plant, and Jamaica is the world's largest producer.

The ortanique, developed in Jamaica, is a cross between an orange and a tangerine.

Jamaica also has over 220 species of native orchids, over 500 different ferns, more than 300 mosses, and many fungi.

Terrain

mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

Location

Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba

Total Area

4,244 Square Miles 10,991 Square Kilometers

Environment - Current Issues

• heavy rates of deforestation
• coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills
• damage to coral reefs
• air pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions

Environment - International Agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

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Exports

$1,487,000,000 (USD)

Imports

$5,378,000,000 (USD)

Major Exports

alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum, coffee, yams, beverages, chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels

Major Imports

food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel, parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials

Top Export Partners

US 28.3%, Canada 14.1%, Netherlands 12.2%, UK 12.1%, Norway 8.4%

Top Import Partners

US 44%, Trinidad and Tobago 9.1%, Japan 5.9%, Venezuela 4%

Export Partners

US 28.3%, Canada 14.1%, Netherlands 12.2%, UK 12.1%, Norway 8.4%

Import Partners

US 44%, Trinidad and Tobago 9.1%, Japan 5.9%, Venezuela 4%

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Country Description

Jamaica is a developing nation of over 2.7 million people.

Facilities for tourists are widely available.

International airports are located in Kingston and Montego Bay.

Safety & Security

, whenever possible.

Particular caution is advised after dark and in downtown Kingston and New Kingston.

The U.S.

Embassy also cautions U.S. citizens not to use public buses, which are often overcrowded and are a frequent venue for crime.

To enhance security in the principal resort areas, the Government of Jamaica has taken a number of steps, including assignment of special police foot and bicycle patrols.

Some street vendors, beggars, and taxi drivers in tourist areas aggressively confront and harass tourists to buy their wares or employ their services.

If a firm "No, thank you," does not solve the problem, visitors may wish to seek the assistance of a tourist police officer, identified by their white hats, white shirts, and black trousers.

These officers are only located at or near tourist areas.

DRUGS:Illegal drug use is prevalent in some tourist areas, leading to numerous U.S. citizen arrests and incarcerations in Jamaica every year.

Possession or use of marijuana or other illicit drugs is illegal in Jamaica.

U.S. citizens should avoid buying, selling, holding, or taking illegal drugs under any circumstances.

There is anecdotal evidence that the use of so-called date rape drugs, such as Rohypnol, has become more common at clubs and private parties.

Marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and other illegal narcotics are especially potent in Jamaica, and their use may lead to severe or even disastrous health consequences.

SCAMS: U.S. citizens are often the target of international financial scams originating in Jamaica.

The most prevalent scam in Jamaica is the lottery scam, also known as Advanced Fee Fraud.

U.S. citizens receiving calls from Jamaica with claims of winning a prize or lottery should be wary and never send money up front.

It is illegal to play a foreign lottery, and if you did not enter a foreign lottery or drawing, then it is not possible to win one.

Scammers may also seek to entice victims to travel to Jamaica to “collect their prize.” Such invites can lead to the victim being kidnapped for ransom once in Jamaica.

Additionally, relatives of U.S. citizens visiting Jamaica and U.S. citizens who are prisoners in Jamaica have received telephone calls from people claiming to be Jamaican police officers, other public officials, or medical professionals.

The callers usually state that the visitor or prisoner has had trouble and needs financial help.

In almost every case these claims are untrue.

The caller insists that money should be sent by wire transfer to either themselves or a third party who will assist the visitor or prisoner, but when money is sent, it fails to reach the U.S. citizens in alleged need.

U.S. citizens who receive calls such as these should never send money before consulting the embassy for additional information.

The U.S.

Embassy has also received reports of extortion attempts originating in Jamaica where the caller threatens the victim if they do not send a sum of money.

Another financial scam reported is the ‘ Damsel in Distress ’ where a partner met over the Internet falls into a series of alleged mishaps and requests money with the promise of rewards at a later date, such as an in-person meeting.

Contact the American Citizen Services Unit of the Embassy's Consular Section at KingstonACS@state.gov and provide as much detail as possible regarding the nature of the communication.

Additional guidance on such crimes is available at the Department of State’s web page on International Financial Scams.

Don’t buy counterfeit and pirated goods, even if they are widely available.

Not only are the bootlegs illegal in the United States, if you purchase them you may also be breaking local law.

Criminal Penalties While you are traveling in Jamaica, you are subject to its laws even if you are a U.S. citizen.

Foreign laws and legal systems can be vastly different than our own.

In some places, you may be taken in for questioning if you don’t have some form of identification with you.

In some places, driving under the inf

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Crime

Crime, including violent crime, is a serious problem in Jamaica, particularly in Kingston and Montego Bay and other major tourist areas.

While the vast majority of crimes occur in impoverished areas, random acts of violence, such as gunfire, may occur anywhere.

The primary criminal concern for tourists is becoming a victim of theft.

In several cases, armed robberies of U.S. citizens have turned violent when the victims resisted or were slow in handing over valuables.

Crime is exacerbated by the fact that police are understaffed and often ineffective.

Additionally, there have been frequent allegations of police corruption.

Tourists should take all necessary precautions always pay extra attention to their surroundings when traveling, and keep windows up and doors locked while in a vehicle or in their hotel.

Travelers should avoid walking alone, exercise special care after dark, and always avoid areas known for high crime rates.

Under no circumstances should travelers accept rides from unknown individuals, as this is often a pretext for attempted robbery and/or sexual assault.

Each year the Embassy receives a number of reports of sexual assaults against U.S. citizens, including cases of alleged sexual assaults at tourist resorts, some of which involve resort staff.

It is important to realize that sexual assault allegations generally do not receive the same type of law enforcement attention in Jamaica that they would in the United States.

Local law also requires the presence of the victim at each stage of the judicial process in order for a case to move forward, and as a result most sexual assault cases languish in the Jamaican courts until they are eventually dismissed.

In addition, victims in Jamaica cannot expect the totatility of victim’s assistance that is routinely offered in the United States.

This includes hesitation to and/or lack of knowledge of how to perform rape kits, a prosecutorial/interrogation approach to victims on the part of the police and hotels, as well as a lack of counseling for victims.

Victims will often have to ask for medication to avoid the transmission of STDs and to reduce the chances of pregnancy.

U.S. citizens traveling in Jamaica should maintain careful watchfulness, avoid secluded places or situations (even within resort properties), go out in groups, and watch out for each other.

Don’t be afraid to ask or call out for help if you feel threatened or encounter individuals who make you feel uncomfortable.

Report any suspicious activity to the U.S.

Embassy, local police and, if appropriate, to the hotel’s management.

As a general rule, do not leave valuables unattended or in plain view, including in hotel rooms and on the beach.

Take care when carrying high value items such as cameras and expensive cell phones or when wearing expensive jewelry on the street.

Women's handbags should be zipped and held close to the body.

Men should carry wallets in their front pants pocket.

Large amounts of cash should always be handled discreetly.

In the last several years, a number of U.S. visitors have reported being robbed inside their resort hotel rooms while they slept.

Particular care is called for when staying at isolated villas and smaller establishments that may have fewer security arrangements.

You may wish to ask your villa or small establishment if they have met Jamaica Tourist Board certification standards for safety and security.

The U.S.

Embassy advises its staff to avoid inner-city areas of Kingston and other urban centers, such as those listed in the section on Safety and Security, whenever possible.

Particular caution is advised after dark and in downtown Kingston and New Kingston.

The U.S.

Embassy also cautions U.S. citizens not to use public buses, which are often overcrowded and are a frequent venue for crime.

To enhance security in the principal resort areas, the Government of Jamaica has taken a number of steps, including assignment of special police foot and bicycle patrols.

Some street vendor

Criminal Penalties

While you are traveling in Jamaica, you are subject to its laws even if you are a U.S. citizen.

Foreign laws and legal systems can be vastly different than our own.

In some places, you may be taken in for questioning if you don’t have some form of identification with you.

In some places, driving under the influence could land you immediately in jail.

These criminal penalties will vary from country to country.

There are also some things that might be legal in the country you visit, but still illegal in the United States, and you can be prosecuted under U.S. law if you buy pirated goods.

Engaging in sexual conduct with children or using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country is a crime prosecutable in the United States.

If you break local laws in Jamaica, your U.S. passport won’t help you avoid arrest or prosecution.

It’s very important to know what is legal and what is illegal where you are going.

Persons violating Jamaica’s laws, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested, or imprisoned.

Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Jamaica are can be severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines.

Airport and dock searches at cruise line ports are thorough and people attempting to smuggle illegal drugs are often apprehended.

Several U.S. citizens currently incarcerated in Jamaica prisons for drug smuggling say they were arrested for carrying bags that friends or acquaintances asked them to deliver to someone in the United States.

In one case, the U.S. arrestee claimed that she express mailed a package for a local taxi driver who claimed not to have his identification with him.

U.S. citizens should never accept packages/baggage in such circumstances.

Jamaica has no tolerance for violations of its firearms laws and persons can end up serving years for possession of a firearm.

Bringing ammunition into Jamaica is also illegal and can result in heavy fines and/or imprisonment.

Prison conditions in Jamaica differ greatly from prison conditions in the United States.

Prisoners are provided only the most basic meals and must rely upon personal funds, family, and friends to supplement their diets, provide clothing, and supply personal care items such as toothpaste and shampoo.

Most prisons are very overcrowded.

Prisons do not supply bedding to prisoners.

Packages shipped from the United States to prisoners are subject to Jamaican import taxes and are undeliverable when the recipient lacks the funds to pay the duties.

If you are arrested in Jamaica, authorities of Jamaica are required to notify the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate of your arrest.

If you are concerned the Department of State may not be aware of your situation, perhaps because you are also a Jamaican citizen, you should request the police or prison officials to notify the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate of your arrest.

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Medical Facilities

Medical care is much more limited than in the United States.

Comprehensive but basic emergency medical services are located only in Kingston and Montego Bay, and smaller public hospitals are located in each parish.

Emergency medical and ambulance services, and the availability of prescription drugs, are limited in outlying parishes.

Ambulance service is limited both in the quality of emergency care and in the availability of vehicles in remote parts of the country.

Serious medical problems requiring hospitalization and/or medical evacuation to the United States can cost $15,000 - $20,000 or more.

Doctors and hospitals in Jamaica often require cash payment prior to providing services.

The Embassy’s website contains information on medical services and air-ambulance companies.

Please alert the American Citizen Services Unit to such cases by calling (876) 702-6000.

U.S. citizens travelling to Jamaica are urged to buy medical evacuation insurance prior to their trip.

Traffic Safety

While in Jamaica, you may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States.

Drivers and pedestrians should remember that, unlike the United States, driving in Jamaica is on the left-hand side of the road.

Breakdown assistance is limited in urban areas and virtually unavailable in rural areas.

Nighttime driving is especially dangerous and should be avoided whenever possible, especially outside of the cities of Kingston, Ocho Rios, Montego Bay, and Negril.

Heavy rains, which can occur at any time of the year, frequently leave roads impassable and result in life-threatening flash floods.

Drivers should monitor media reports for information on road conditions and closures.

Gullies in particular should be avoided as they are prone to flash floods capable of sweeping away vehicles.

As noted above in the section on Crime, public buses are often overcrowded and are frequently a venue of crime.

Travelers who use taxicabs should take only licensed taxicabs having red-and-white PP license plates or taxis recommended by their hotels and should not accept rides from strangers.

Most roads are paved, but suffer from ill repair, inadequate signage, large pot holes, and poor traffic control markings.

Roads are often subject to poorly marked construction zones, pedestrians, bicyclists, and, occasionally, livestock.

The lack of pedestrian crosswalks requires special vigilance for all pedestrians.

Driving habits range from aggressive speeding and disregard for others to inexperience and over-polite behaviors creating uncertainty and hazards to pedestrians.

Several times a year, U.S. citizen tourists in Jamaica are killed while attempting to cross busy stretches of road.

In many cases, people are hit by an overtaking car after another vehicle stops and waves them across.

Roads in rural areas (including near major tourist resorts in Montego Bay and Negril) are often traveled at very high speeds and pedestrians should take special care when attempting to cross.

Drivers should maintain special care when entering traffic circles (“roundabouts”), which are often poorly marked and require traffic to move in a clockwise direction.

Motorists entering a roundabout must yield to those already in it.

Labeling of roundabout exit points is exceptionally confusing, often making it difficult to determine which exit to take to continue toward the desired destination.

Failure to turn into the correct flow of traffic can result in a head-on collision.

The A1, A2, and A3 highways are the primary links between the most important cities and tourist destinations on the island.

These roads are not comparable to American highways, and road conditions are hazardous due to poor repair, inadequate signage, and poor traffic control markings.

The B highways and rural roads are often very narrow and frequented by large trucks, buses, pedestrians, bicyclists, and open range livestock.

Highways are traveled at high speeds, but are not limited-access.

Drivers and passengers in the front seat are required to wear seat belts, and motorcycle riders are required to wear helmets.

Extreme caution should be used in operating motor driven cycles.

Several serious and even fatal accidents take place each year involving U.S. tourists riding in taxis without seat belts.

All passengers are strongly encouraged to use vehicles equipped with seat belts.

Official emergency response to a road accident can be slow, given traffic, road conditions, distance from metropolitan areas, and a limited number of responders.

In practice, many victims of vehicular accidents are assisted by fellow motorists.

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Airports - total

28

Airports with Paved Runways

11

Roadways- total

13,745 Miles 22,121 Kilometers

Roadways- paved

10,034 Miles 16,148 Kilometers

Ports and Terminals

Alligator Pond, Discovery Bay, Kingston, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Port Antonio, Rocky Point, Port Esquivel (Longswharf)

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Pipelines: Liquid Petroleum Gas

6 Miles 10 Kilometers

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Telephones

302,300

Cell Phones

2,495,000

Internet Users

1,500,000

Internet Country Code

.jm

Internet Hosts

3,099

Broadcast Media

• privately owned Radio Jamaica Limited and its subsidiaries operate multiple TV stations, subscription cable services, and radio stations
• 2 other privately owned television stations
• roughly 70 radio stations

Telephone System

• assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone network
• domestic: the 1999 agreement to open the market for telecommunications services resulted in rapid growth in mobile-cellular telephone usage while the number of fixed-lines in use has declined; combined mobile-cellular teledensity exceeded 110 per 100 persons in 2011
• international: country code - 1-876; the Fibralink submarine cable network provides enhanced delivery of business and broadband traffic and is linked to the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) submarine cable in the Dominican Republic; the link to ARCOS-1 provides seamless connectivity to US, parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; the ALBA-1 fiber-optic submarine cable links Jamaica, Cuba, and Venezuela; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

4 facts — expand for details.

Electricity Consumption- Kilowatt Hours (kWh)

6,345,000,000

Electricity Production- Kilowatt Hours (kWh)

7,324,000,000

Oil Consumption- Barrels Per Day (bbl/day)

78,520

Oil Imports- Barrels Per Day (bbl/day)

22,940

Anthem Lyrics English

Eternal Father bless our land Guard us with Thy mighty Hand Keep us free from evil powers, Be our light through countless hours.

To our Leaders Great Defender, Grant true wisdom from above.

Justice, Truth be ours forever, Jamaica, Land we love Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica land we love.

Teach us true respect for all, Stir response to duty's call, Strengthen us the weak to cherish, Give us vision lest we perish.

Knowledge send us Heavenly Father, Grant true wisdom from above.

Justice, Truth be ours forever, Jamaica, Land we love.

Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica land we love.