Moving to Gabon: visas, cost of living & immigrant guide

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Population

2,230,908

Population - note

Note: Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS

this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

Population Growth Rate

1.96%

Urban Population

86.200000

Population in Major Urban Areas

LIBREVILLE (capital) 686,000

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Age Structure

41.980000

Median Age

18.600000

Birth Rate - births/1,000 population

35

Death Rate - deaths/1,000 population

13.11

Total Fertility Rate - children born/woman

4.52

Contraceptive Prevalance Rate - female 12-49

31.1%

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate - female 12-49

31.1%

Mean Age for Mother's First Birth (age 25-49)

20.3

Mother's mean age at first birth

20.3

Sex Ratio at Birth - male/female

1.030000

Net Migration Rate - migrant(s)/1,000 population

-2.11

Ethnic Groups

Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba), other Africans and Europeans 154,000, including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality

Nationality Noun

Gabonese (singular and plural)

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Literacy - total population

63.2%

Literacy - male

73.7%

Literacy - female

53.3%

Literacy Definition

Age 15 and over can read and write

Total School Life Expectancy - (primary to tertiary)

0.000000

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Life Expectancy at Birth

52.150000

Infant Mortality Rate

48.020000

Infant Mortality Rate - total deaths/1,000 live births

48.020000

Maternal Mortality Rate - deaths/100,000 live births

230

Physicians Density - physicians/1,000 population

.2

Hospital Bed Density - beds/1,000 population

6.3

Health Expenditures - percent of GDP

3.2%

Major Infectious Diseases - degree of risk

Very high

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

13.9%

Drinking Water Source - percent of urban population improved

96.800000

Sanitation Facility Access - percent of urban population improved

42.900000

Underweight - percent of children under five years

6.5%

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Economic Overview

Gabon enjoys a per capita income four times that of most Sub-Saharan African nations, but because of high income inequality, a large proportion of the population remains poor.

Gabon relied on timber and manganese exports until oil was discovered offshore in the early 1970s.

From 2010 to 2016, oil accounted for approximately 80% of Gabon’s exports, 45% of its GDP, and 60% of its state budget revenues.

Gabon faces fluctuating international prices for its oil, timber, and manganese exports.

A rebound of oil prices from 2001 to 2013 helped growth, but declining production, as some fields passed their peak production, has hampered Gabon from fully realizing potential gains.

GDP grew nearly 6% per year over the 2010-14 period, but slowed significantly from 2014 to just 1% in 2017 as oil prices declined.

Low oil prices also weakened government revenue and negatively affected the trade and current account balances.

In the wake of lower revenue, Gabon signed a 3-year agreement with the IMF in June 2017.

Despite an abundance of natural wealth, poor fiscal management and over-reliance on oil has stifled the economy.

Power cuts and water shortages are frequent.

Gabon is reliant on imports and the government heavily subsidizes commodities, including food, but will be hard pressed to tamp down public frustration with unemployment and corruption.

Industries

• Petroleum extraction and refining
• manganese, and gold mining
• chemicals
• ship repair
• food and beverage
• textile
• lumbering and plywood
• cement

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$21,700.00 (USD)

GDP - real growth rate

3.5%

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GDP - Gross Domestic Product (PPP)

$32,050,000,000 (USD)

GDP Per Capita

$21,700.00 (USD)

GDP - real growth rate

3.5%

GDP - official exchange rate

$13,800,000,000 (USD)

GDP - composition, by end use

• consumption: 43.8% overnment
• consumption: 21% Investment in fixed
• capital: 27.2% Investment in
• inventories: 3% Exports of goods and
• services: 38% Imports of goods and
• services: -33%

GDP by Sector- agriculture

3.7%

GDP by Sector- Industry

39.1%

GDP by Sector- services

57.2%

Industrial Growth Rate

4.8%

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Inflation Rate

-1.3%

Currency Name and Code

CFA Franc BEAC (XAF)

Fiscal Year

Calendar year

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

15%

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Labor Force

712,000

Unemployment Rate

21%

Major Industries

• Petroleum extraction and refining
• manganese, and gold mining
• chemicals
• ship repair
• food and beverage
• textile
• lumbering and plywood
• cement

Agriculture Products

• Cocoa, coffee, sugar, palm oil, rubber
• cattle
• okoume (a tropical softwood)
• fish

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Labor Force By Occupation- agriculture

60%

Labor Force By Occupation- industry

15%

Labor Force By Occupation- services

25%

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Annual Budget

$3,557,000,000 (USD)

Public Debt (% of GDP)

29.5%

Budget Surplus or Deficit - percent of GDP

-7.9%

Taxes and other revenues - percent of GDP

25.2%

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Full Country Name

Gabonese Republic

Country Name

Gabon

Local - Long

Republique Gabonaise

Local - Short

Gabon

Etymology- history of name

Name originates from the Portuguese word "gabao" meaning "cloak," which is roughly the shape that the early explorers gave to the estuary of the Komo River by the capital of Libreville

Independence

17 August 1960 (from France)

National Holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1960)

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Government Type

Presidential republic

Constitution

• History: Previous 1961; latest drafted May 1990, adopted 15 March 1991, promulgated 26 March 1991
• Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic, by the Council of Ministers, or by one third of either house of Parliament; passage requires Constitutional Court evaluation, at least two-thirds majority vote of two thirds of the Parliament membership convened in joint session, and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on Gabon’s democratic form of government cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2023 (presidential term reduced to 5 years and election reduced to a single vote)

Legal System:

Mixed legal system of French civil law and customary law

Executive Branch:

• chief of state: President Brice OLIGUI Nguema (since 3 May 2025)
• head of government: President Brice OLIGUI Nguema (since 3 May 2025)
• cabinet: cabinet appointed by president election/appointment
• process: the president directly elected by plurality vote to a 7-year term (no term limits) most recent election
• date: 12 April 2025
• election results: 2025: Brice OLIGUI Nguema elected president; percent of vote - Brice OLIGUI Nguema (Ind.) 90.35%, Alain Claude Bilie By Nze (EPG) 3.02%, other 6.63% 2016: Ali BONGO Ondimba reelected president; percent of vote - Ali BONGO Ondimba (PDG) 49.8%, Jean PING (UFC) 48.2%, other 2.0%

Legislative Branch:

• Description: Transitional Parliament (formerly the bicameral Parliament) consists of: Senate (70 seats; members appointed by Transitional president; member term NA) National Assembly (98 seats; members appointed by the Transitional president; member term NA)
• Note: all members represent legally recognized political parties or leading political figures, civil society, and defense and security forces
• Elections: on 11 September 2023, Transitional President Gen. Brice OLIGUI Nguema appointed 168 members to the Transitional Parliament; elections for a permanent legislature reportedly to follow 2-year transition;
• Note: the military government announced on 13 November 2023 that presidential and legislative elections will be held in August 2025
• Election Results: All members of the Transitional Parliament appointed by the Transitional president

Judicial Branch:

• office: Appointment and tenure of Supreme, Administrative, Accounting, and State Security courts NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed - 3 by the national president, 3 by the president of the Senate, and 3 by the president of the National Assembly; judges serve single renewable 7-year terms
• Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; county courts; military courts

Regions or States:

• Summary: 9 provinces
• Estuaire
• Haut-Ogooue
• Moyen-Ogooue
• Ngounie
• Nyanga
• Ogooue-Ivindo
• Ogooue-Lolo
• Ogooue-Maritime
• Woleu-Ntem

Political Parties and Leaders:

• Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG [Ali BONGO Ondimba]
• Restoration of Republican Values or RV The Democrats or LD [Guy NZOUBA-NDAMA]
• Paul Mba Abessole

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Citizenship Criteria:

• birth: No Citizenship by descent
• only: At least one parent must be a citizen of Gabon Dual citizenship
• recognized: No Residency requirement for
• naturalization: 10 years

Capital Name

Libreville

Capital - geographic coordinate

0 23 N, 9 27 E

Capital Time Difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

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International Organization Participation:

• ACP
• AfDB
• AU (suspended)
• BDEAC
• CEMAC
• FAO
• FZ
• G-24
• G-77
• IAEA
• IBRD
• ICAO
• ICCt
• ICRM
• IDA
• IDB
• IFAD
• IFC
• IFRCS
• ILO
• IMF
• IMO
• IMSO
• Interpol
• IOC
• IOM
• IPU
• ISO
• ITSO
• ITU
• ITUC (NGOs)
• MIGA
• MINUSCA
• NAM
• OIC
• OIF
• OPCW
• UN
• UNCTAD
• UNESCO
• UNIDO
• UNWTO
• UPU
• WCO
• WHO
• WIPO
• WMO
• WTO

International Law Organization Participation:

Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Diplomatic Representation from US:

• Chief of Mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Ellen B. THORBURN (since 27 October 2022); note - also accredited to Sao Tome and Principe
• Embassy: Sabliere, B.P. 4000, Libreville
• Mailing Address: 2270 Libreville Place, Washington, DC 20521-2270
• Telephone: [241] 011-45-71-00
• FAX: [241] 011-45-71-05
• Email: ACSLibreville@state.gov
• Website: https://ga.usembassy.gov/

Diplomatic Representation in the US:

• Chief of Mission: Ambassador Noel Nelson MESSONE (12 December 2022)
• Chancery: 2034 20th Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20009
• Telephone: [1] (202) 797-1000
• FAX: [1] (301) 332-0668
• Email: info@gaboneembassyusa.org
• Website: https://gabonembassyusa.org/en/

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Geographic Location

Africa

Geographic Coordinates

1 00 S, 11 45 E

Total Area

103,346 Square Miles 267,667 Square Kilometers

Land Area

99,485 Square Miles 257,667 Square Kilometers

Water Area

3,861 Square Miles 10,000 Square Kilometers

Land Boundaries

1,585 Miles 2,551 Kilometers

Border Countries

Cameroon 298 km, Republic of the Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km

Coastline

550 Miles 885 Kilometers

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Terrain

Narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south

Highest Point

1,575 Meters

Highest Point Location

Mont Iboundji 1,575 m

Lowest Point Location

Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Natural Resources

Petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower

Irrigated Land

17 Square Miles 44 Square Kilometers

Time Zone

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

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Climate

The climate is hot and humid during most of the year and is typically equatorial.

High temperatures range from 75°F to 82°F in the dry seasons and from 86°F to 93°F in the rainy seasons.

Four distinguishable seasons are evident, although they vary somewhat each year: the long dry season from late May until mid-September; the short rainy season from mid-September until mid-December; the short dry season from mid-December through January; and the long rainy season from February until late May.

Rainfall in Libreville is about 115 inches a year (the U.S. average is about 40 inches); the largest amounts fall in October, November, March, and April.

The humidity is always high.

The summer months, as in the southern hemisphere, are the coolest time of the year.

Terrain

Narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south

Location

Central Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator, between Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea

Total Area

103,346 Square Miles 267,667 Square Kilometers

Border Countries

Cameroon 298 km, Republic of the Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km

Environment - Current Issues

Deforestation; poaching

Environment - International Agreements

Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

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Exports

$6,803,000,000 (USD)

Imports

$2,433,000,000 (USD)

Major Exports

Crude oil 77%, timber, manganese, uranium

Major Imports

Mmachinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, construction materials

Top Export Partners

US 50.9%, France 12.7%, China 7.1%

Top Import Partners

France 51%, US 6.3%, Netherlands 3.7%

Export Partners

US 50.9%, France 12.7%, China 7.1%

Import Partners

France 51%, US 6.3%, Netherlands 3.7%

Country Description

The Gabonese Republic is a developing nation on the western coast of central Africa with a multiparty presidential government.

French is the official language; few Gabonese speak English.

Facilities for tourism outside the capital city of Libreville are available, but they are often limited and can be expensive.

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Crime

Petty theft is common in Gabon.

Violent crime is more common in urban areas, and there have been armed robberies in homes, restaurants, and at beaches frequented by foreigners.

U.S. citizens and Europeans have been the victims of crime.

The U.S.

Embassy in Gabon encourages you to take extra precautions when traveling in Libreville.

To prevent carjacking and petty theft, you should travel with your car windows up, doors locked, and items of value hidden from view.

The Embassy has received reports of scams where thieves cause a distraction to motorists, such as stepping in front of cars in tight traffic, in order to create opportunities for cohorts to snatch and grab from unlocked passenger doors.

These incidents have occurred during daylight hours.

Riding in a taxi alone or during late hours of the evening is not recommended and increases your risk of becoming the victim of crime.

Carjackings and violent incidents of road rage have also been reported to the Embassy.

These incidents have also occurred during daylight hours.

We have also received reports of police harassment of U.S. citizens at checkpoints, and U.S. citizens should carry identification at all times, as described more fully below.

You should avoid poorly lit streets, and unfamiliar areas of the city, especially at night.

You should not walk, run, or stay on the beach alone or in groups after dusk.

When dining in restaurants or visiting markets, you should carry a minimal amount of cash and avoid wearing flashy or expensive jewelry.

If you are the victim of an attempted robbery or carjacking, you are encouraged to comply with the attacker to avoid injury and to report all incidents to the police and the U.S.

Embassy.

Police response time to reports of crime is often slow.

Scams or confidence schemes do occur in Gabon.

For general information on scams, see the Department of State’s Financial Scams web page.

Credit cards are not widely accepted except at hotels, and because of the high rate of credit card fraud, you should exercise caution when using them.

Some hotels only accept credit cards with a European-style microchip.

While withdrawing funds from ATMs, you should exercise the same safety precautions as in the U.S. as they are targeted by thieves.

Don’t buy counterfeit and pirated goods, even if they are widely available.

Not only are the bootlegs illegal in the United States, if you purchase them you may also be breaking local law.

Criminal Penalties

While you are traveling in Gabon, you are subject to its laws even if you are a U.S. citizen.

Foreign laws and legal systems can be vastly different than our own, and criminal penalties will vary from country to country.

There are also some things that might be legal in the country you visit, but still illegal in the United States.You can be prosecuted under U.S. law if you buy pirated goods.

Engaging in sexual conduct with children or using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country is a crime prosecutable in the United States.

If you break local laws in Gabon, your U.S. passport won’t help you avoid arrest or prosecution.

It’s very important to know what’s legal and what’s not wherever you go.

While some countries will automatically notify the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate if a U.S. citizen is detained or arrested in a foreign country, that might not always be the case.

To ensure that the United States is aware of your circumstances, request that the police and prison officials notify the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate as soon as you are arrested or detained overseas.

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Medical Facilities

Medical facilities in Gabon's major cities are limited, but may be adequate for routine or basic needs.

Medical services in rural areas are either unavailable or of very poor quality.

Additionally, some medicines are not available; you should carry your own supply of properly-labeled medications to cover your entire stay.

For medical emergencies in Libreville, the emergency room at El Rapha Polyclinic, a private clinic, can be reached at 07-98-66-60, and an ambulance can be requested through them.

You must speak French when calling this phone number.

Cerebral malaria is endemic in all areas of Gabon.

Travelers should discuss prophylaxis with a physician well before planned travel as some prophylactic medications must be started two weeks before arriving in a malarial zone.

Even with prophylaxis you should familiarize yourself with the symptoms of malaria and seek medical treatment immediately if you experience symptoms.

Tap water may not be potable and you should drink and cook with bottled water only.

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is endemic to Gabon.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an increasingly serious health concern in Gabon.

Traffic Safety and Road Conditions While in Gabon, you may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States.

If you drive a vehicle in Gabon you are required to have a Gabonese driving license (permis de conduire), vehicle registration (carte grise), proof of insurance (assurance), proof of vehicle inspection (visite technique), fire extinguisher (extincteur de feu), triangles (triangles), and first aid kid (boite de soins de premiers secours).

The police may verify that you have all of the required documentation and equipment if they stop you on the road or at police checkpoints.

Travel by road in Gabon can be hazardous.

You should drive with your car windows up and the doors locked.

Travelers are routinely stopped at police checkpoints within cities and on roads to the interior.

You should comply politely if stopped, but avoid encouraging requests for bribery if possible.

You should use extreme caution when driving after dark.

Two-lane roads are the norm throughout Gabon.

Roads to outlying cities are usually unpaved.

There are many visible and hidden dangers including large potholes, absence of road signs, poor to non-existent streetlights, timber-laden trucks, and the presence of pedestrians and animals.

Construction work is generally poorly indicated.

Drivers may change lanes or stop unexpectedly.

Lane markings are frequently ignored.

Four-wheel drive vehicles are recommended for travel beyond the paved road to Lambarene, especially during the rainy season.

Roadside assistance and emergency medical services are available in Libreville, but they may not be dependable.

These services are nonexistent outside of the city.

Service stations are available along main roads, but vehicle repair facilities are not always available.

Bus service exists in Libreville, but buses are infrequent and routes are not generally convenient, so most people use taxis to get around the city.

Use of taxis is generally safe, but does pose added risks.

You should use a hotel taxi when possible.

Before entering a taxi, check that the taxi has seatbelts and negotiate the rate for your trip.

Rail services remain available, but infrequent, and travelers should expect lengthy delays.

Talking or texting on a cell phone while driving in Gabon is against the law.

Traffic Safety

While in Gabon, you may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States.

If you drive a vehicle in Gabon you are required to have a Gabonese driving license (permis de conduire), vehicle registration (carte grise), proof of insurance (assurance), proof of vehicle inspection (visite technique), fire extinguisher (extincteur de feu), triangles (triangles), and first aid kid (boite de soins de premiers secours).

The police may verify that you have all of the required documentation and equipment if they stop you on the road or at police checkpoints.

Travel by road in Gabon can be hazardous.

You should drive with your car windows up and the doors locked.

Travelers are routinely stopped at police checkpoints within cities and on roads to the interior.

You should comply politely if stopped, but avoid encouraging requests for bribery if possible.

You should use extreme caution when driving after dark.

Two-lane roads are the norm throughout Gabon.

Roads to outlying cities are usually unpaved.

There are many visible and hidden dangers including large potholes, absence of road signs, poor to non-existent streetlights, timber-laden trucks, and the presence of pedestrians and animals.

Construction work is generally poorly indicated.

Drivers may change lanes or stop unexpectedly.

Lane markings are frequently ignored.

Four-wheel drive vehicles are recommended for travel beyond the paved road to Lambarene, especially during the rainy season.

Roadside assistance and emergency medical services are available in Libreville, but they may not be dependable.

These services are nonexistent outside of the city.

Service stations are available along main roads, but vehicle repair facilities are not always available.

Bus service exists in Libreville, but buses are infrequent and routes are not generally convenient, so most people use taxis to get around the city.

Use of taxis is generally safe, but does pose added risks.

You should use a hotel taxi when possible.

Before entering a taxi, check that the taxi has seatbelts and negotiate the rate for your trip.

Rail services remain available, but infrequent, and travelers should expect lengthy delays.

Talking or texting on a cell phone while driving in Gabon is against the law.

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Airports - total

44

Airports with Paved Runways

14

Railways

403 Miles 649 Kilometers

Roadways- total

5,698 Miles 9,170 Kilometers

Roadways- paved

682 Miles 1,097 Kilometers

Waterways

994 Miles 1,600 Kilometers

Ports and Terminals

Cap Lopez, Kango, Lambarene, Libreville, Mayumba, Owendo, Port-Gentil

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Pipelines: Gas

501 Miles 807 Kilometers

Pipelines: Oil

1,018 Miles 1,639 Kilometers

Pipelines: Water

2 Miles 3 Kilometers

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Telephones

26,500

Cell Phones

1,169,000

Internet Users

145,000

Internet Country Code

.ga

Internet Hosts

90

Broadcast Media

• State owns and operates 2 TV stations and 2 radio broadcast stations
• a few private radio and TV stations
• transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are accessible
• satellite service subscriptions are available

Telephone System

• assessment: Adequate system of cable, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, radiotelephone communication stations, and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
• Domestic: A growing mobile-cellular network with multiple providers is making telephone service more widely available with mobile-cellular teledensity exceeding 100 per 100 persons
• International: Country code - 241; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

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Electricity Consumption- Kilowatt Hours (kWh)

1,446,000,000

Electricity Production- Kilowatt Hours (kWh)

1,774,000,000

Natural Gas Consumption - Kilowatt Hours (kWh)

80,000,000

Natural Gas Production- Cubic Meters (cu m)

70,000,000

Natural Gas Reserves- Cubic Meters (cu m)

28,320,000,000

Oil Consumption- Barrels Per Day (bbl/day)

15,800

Oil Exports- Barrels Per Day (bbl/day)

225,300

Oil Production- Barrels Per Day (bbl/day)

268,900

Oil Reserves- Barrels Per Day (bbl/day)

2,000,000,000

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Anthem History

La Concorde is the national anthem of Gabon. Written and composed by Georges Aleka Damas, it was adopted upon independence in 1960.

Anthem Lyrics

La Concorde CHORUS: Uni dans la Concorde et la fraternité Eveilletoi Gabon, une aurore se lève, En courage l'ardeur qui vibre et nous soulève!

C'est enfin notre essor vers la félicité.

C'est enfin notre essor vers la félicité.

Eblouissant et fier, le jour sublime monte Pourchassant à jamais l'injustice et la honte.

Qu'il monte, monte encore et calme nos alarmes, Qu'il prône la vertu et repousse les armes.

CHORUS Oui que le temps heureux rêvé par nos ancêtres Arrive enfin chez nous, rejouisse les êtres, Et chasse les sorciers, ces perfides trompeurs.

Qui semaient le poison et répandaient la peur.

CHORUS Afin qu'aux yeux du monde et des nations amies Le Gabon immortel reste digne d'envie, Oublion nos querelles, emsemble bâtissons L'édifice nouveau au quel tous nous rêvons.

CHORUS Des bords de l'Ocean au cœur de la forêt, Demeurons vigilants, sans faiblesse et sans haine!

Autour de ce drapeau, qui vers l'honneurs nous mène, Saluons la Patrie et chantons sans arrêt!

Anthem Lyrics English

CHORUS: United in concord and brotherhood, Awake, Gabon, dawn is at hand.

Stir up the spirit that thrills and inspires us!

At last we rise up to attain happiness.

Dazzling and proud, the sublime day dawns, Dispelling for ever injustice and shame.

May it still advance and calm our fears, May it promote virtue and banish warfare.

CHORUS Yes, may the happy days of which our ancestors dreamed Come for us at last, rejoicing our hearts, And banish the sorcerers, those perfidious deceivers Who sowed poison and spread fear.

CHORUS So that, in the eyes of the world and of friendly nations, The immortal Gabon may maintain her good repute, Let us forget our quarrels, let us build together The new structure of which we all have dreamed.

CHORUS From the shores of the Ocean to the heart of the forest, Let us remain vigilant, without weakness and without hatred!

Around this flag which leads us to honour, Let us salute the Fatherland and ever sing!

CHORUS